Fundamentals: Anatomy - Anatomicomedical terminology Flashcards
Describe the anatomical position
- Standing upright
- Head, gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
- Arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing anteriorly
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel
List the five types of anatomical planes
Median
Sagittal
Paramedian
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/transaxial/axial
Define the median plane
Vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines of the head, neck and trunk, dividing the body into right and left halves
Define sagittal planes
Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane (i.e. anteroposteriorly)
Define paramedian planes
A sagittal plane passing parallel and near to the median plane
a) Define frontal planes and b) give an alternative name
a) Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
b) Coronal
a) Define transverse planes and b) give an alternative name
a) Horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
b) Transaxial or axial
List the three types of anatomical sections
Longitudinal
Transverse (cross sections)
Oblique
Define longitudinal sections
Run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or any of its parts
Define transverse sections
Slices of the body or any of its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis
Define oblique sections
Slices of the body or any of its parts that are NOT cut along any of the standard anatomical planes
Alternative term for superior
Cranial
Alternative and specific term for inferior
Caudal
Plantar (in the foot)
Alternative and specific terms for anterior
Ventral
Palmar (in the hand)
Rostral (in the brain)
Alternative term for posterior
Dorsal
a) Define dorsum and b) list four examples of body parts that have a dorsum
a) Refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body (or the posterior aspect in the case of the hand)
b) Tongue, nose, penis, foot
What plane do flexion and extension occur in? Around what axis?
Sagittal plane
Transverse axis
What kind of movements are pronation and supination?
Rotational movements of the forearm and hand that swing the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna
What plane do abduction and adduction occur in? Around what axis?
Frontal plane
Anteroposterior axis
Describe abduction
Moving away from the median plane
Describe adduction
Moving toward the median plane
Describe flexion
Bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
Describe extension
Straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
What form of movement is right and left lateral flexion?
Abduction for the neck and trunk
What kind of movement is circumduction?
Circular movement
What movements make up circumduction?
Flexion -> abduction -> extension -> adduction (or in the opposite order)
Examples of joints which can perform circumduction
Shoulder
Hips
Define medial (internal) rotation
Brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane
Define lateral (external) rotation
Takes the anterior surface of a limb away from the median plane
Outline an exception to the rule that flexion/extension occur in the sagittal plane
In the thumb - occurs in the frontal plane
Outline an exception to the rule that abduction/adduction occur in the frontal plane
In the thumb - occurs in the sagittal plane
Define opposition
Movement by which the pad of the 1st digit is brought to another digit pad
Define reposition
Movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position
Define dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle joint
Define plantarflexion
Bending of the foot and toes toward the ground
Define eversion
Moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally
Define inversion
Moves the sole of the foot towards the median plane, facing the sole medially
How is pronation of the foot achieved?
Through a combination of eversion and abduction that results in lowering the medial margin of the foot
How is supination of the foot achieved?
Through a combination of inversion and adduction that results in raising the medial margin of the foot
Define elevation
Raises or moves a part superiorly
Define depression
Lowers or moves a part inferiorly
Define protrusion
Movement anteriorly (forward)
Define retrusion
Movement posteriorly
Define protraction
Anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall
Define retraction
Posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall
When the foot is fully everted, it is also what?
Dorsiflexed
When the foot is fully inverted, it is also what?
Plantarflexed
Of the neurovascular structures, which demonstrate the greatest degree of variation? Which demonstrate the least?
Greatest: veins
Least: nerves
Least - nerves
