Fundamentals: Anatomy - Anatomicomedical terminology

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 1

1. Standing upright
2. Head, gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
3. Arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing anteriorly
4. Lower limbs close together with feet parallel

Question 2

List the five types of anatomical planes

Answer 2

Median
Sagittal
Paramedian
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/transaxial/axial

Question 3

Define the median plane

Answer 3

Vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines of the head, neck and trunk, dividing the body into right and left halves

Question 4

Define sagittal planes

Answer 4

Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane (i.e. anteroposteriorly)

Question 5

Define paramedian planes

Answer 5

A sagittal plane passing parallel and near to the median plane

Question 6

a) Define frontal planes and b) give an alternative name

Answer 6

a) Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
b) Coronal

Question 7

a) Define transverse planes and b) give an alternative name

Answer 7

a) Horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
b) Transaxial or axial

Question 8

List the three types of anatomical sections

Answer 8

Longitudinal
Transverse (cross sections)
Oblique

Question 9

Define longitudinal sections

Answer 9

Run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or any of its parts

Question 10

Define transverse sections

Answer 10

Slices of the body or any of its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis

Question 11

Define oblique sections

Answer 11

Slices of the body or any of its parts that are NOT cut along any of the standard anatomical planes

Question 12

Alternative term for superior

Answer 12

Cranial

Question 13

Alternative and specific term for inferior

Answer 13

Caudal

Plantar (in the foot)

Question 14

Alternative and specific terms for anterior

Answer 14

Ventral
Palmar (in the hand)
Rostral (in the brain)

Question 15

Alternative term for posterior

Answer 15

Dorsal

Question 16

a) Define dorsum and b) list four examples of body parts that have a dorsum

Answer 16

a) Refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body (or the posterior aspect in the case of the hand)
b) Tongue, nose, penis, foot

Question 17

What plane do flexion and extension occur in? Around what axis?

Answer 17

Sagittal plane

Transverse axis

Question 18

What kind of movements are pronation and supination?

Answer 18

Rotational movements of the forearm and hand that swing the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna

Question 19

What plane do abduction and adduction occur in? Around what axis?

Answer 19

Frontal plane

Anteroposterior axis

Question 20

Describe abduction

Answer 20

Moving away from the median plane

Question 21

Describe adduction

Answer 21

Moving toward the median plane

Question 22

Describe flexion

Answer 22

Bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

Question 23

Describe extension

Answer 23

Straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

Question 24

What form of movement is right and left lateral flexion?

Answer 24

Abduction for the neck and trunk

Question 25

What kind of movement is circumduction?

Answer 25

Circular movement

Question 26

What movements make up circumduction?

Answer 26

Flexion -> abduction -> extension -> adduction (or in the opposite order)

Question 27

Examples of joints which can perform circumduction

Answer 27

Shoulder | Hips

Question 28

Define medial (internal) rotation

Answer 28

Brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

Question 29

Define lateral (external) rotation

Answer 29

Takes the anterior surface of a limb away from the median plane

Question 30

Outline an exception to the rule that flexion/extension occur in the sagittal plane

Answer 30

In the thumb - occurs in the frontal plane

Question 31

Outline an exception to the rule that abduction/adduction occur in the frontal plane

Answer 31

In the thumb - occurs in the sagittal plane

Question 32

Define opposition

Answer 32

Movement by which the pad of the 1st digit is brought to another digit pad

Question 33

Define reposition

Answer 33

Movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

Question 34

Define dorsiflexion

Answer 34

Flexion at the ankle joint

Question 35

Define plantarflexion

Answer 35

Bending of the foot and toes toward the ground

Question 36

Define eversion

Answer 36

Moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally

Question 37

Define inversion

Answer 37

Moves the sole of the foot towards the median plane, facing the sole medially

Question 38

How is pronation of the foot achieved?

Answer 38

Through a combination of eversion and abduction that results in lowering the medial margin of the foot

Question 39

How is supination of the foot achieved?

Answer 39

Through a combination of inversion and adduction that results in raising the medial margin of the foot

Question 40

Define elevation

Answer 40

Raises or moves a part superiorly

Question 41

Define depression

Answer 41

Lowers or moves a part inferiorly

Question 42

Define protrusion

Answer 42

Movement anteriorly (forward)

Question 43

Define retrusion

Answer 43

Movement posteriorly

Question 44

Define protraction

Answer 44

Anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

Question 45

Define retraction

Answer 45

Posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

Question 46

When the foot is fully everted, it is also what?

Answer 46

Dorsiflexed

Question 47

When the foot is fully inverted, it is also what?

Answer 47

Plantarflexed

Question 48

Of the neurovascular structures, which demonstrate the greatest degree of variation? Which demonstrate the least?

Answer 48

Greatest: veins Least: nerves | Least - nerves