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ACEM Primary Written > Fundamentals: Anatomy - Anatomicomedical terminology > Flashcards

Fundamentals: Anatomy - Anatomicomedical terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A
  1. Standing upright
  2. Head, gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
  3. Arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing anteriorly
  4. Lower limbs close together with feet parallel
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2
Q

List the five types of anatomical planes

A

Median
Sagittal
Paramedian
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/transaxial/axial

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3
Q

Define the median plane

A

Vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines of the head, neck and trunk, dividing the body into right and left halves

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4
Q

Define sagittal planes

A

Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane (i.e. anteroposteriorly)

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5
Q

Define paramedian planes

A

A sagittal plane passing parallel and near to the median plane

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6
Q

a) Define frontal planes and b) give an alternative name

A

a) Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
b) Coronal

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7
Q

a) Define transverse planes and b) give an alternative name

A

a) Horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
b) Transaxial or axial

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8
Q

List the three types of anatomical sections

A

Longitudinal
Transverse (cross sections)
Oblique

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9
Q

Define longitudinal sections

A

Run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or any of its parts

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10
Q

Define transverse sections

A

Slices of the body or any of its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis

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11
Q

Define oblique sections

A

Slices of the body or any of its parts that are NOT cut along any of the standard anatomical planes

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12
Q

Alternative term for superior

A

Cranial

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13
Q

Alternative and specific term for inferior

A

Caudal

Plantar (in the foot)

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14
Q

Alternative and specific terms for anterior

A

Ventral
Palmar (in the hand)
Rostral (in the brain)

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15
Q

Alternative term for posterior

A

Dorsal

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16
Q

a) Define dorsum and b) list four examples of body parts that have a dorsum

A

a) Refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body (or the posterior aspect in the case of the hand)
b) Tongue, nose, penis, foot

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17
Q

What plane do flexion and extension occur in? Around what axis?

A

Sagittal plane

Transverse axis

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18
Q

What kind of movements are pronation and supination?

A

Rotational movements of the forearm and hand that swing the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna

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19
Q

What plane do abduction and adduction occur in? Around what axis?

A

Frontal plane

Anteroposterior axis

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20
Q

Describe abduction

A

Moving away from the median plane

21
Q

Describe adduction

A

Moving toward the median plane

22
Q

Describe flexion

A

Bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

23
Q

Describe extension

A

Straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

24
Q

What form of movement is right and left lateral flexion?

A

Abduction for the neck and trunk

25
Q

What kind of movement is circumduction?

A

Circular movement

26
Q

What movements make up circumduction?

A

Flexion -> abduction -> extension -> adduction (or in the opposite order)

27
Q

Examples of joints which can perform circumduction

A

Shoulder

Hips

28
Q

Define medial (internal) rotation

A

Brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane

29
Q

Define lateral (external) rotation

A

Takes the anterior surface of a limb away from the median plane

30
Q

Outline an exception to the rule that flexion/extension occur in the sagittal plane

A

In the thumb - occurs in the frontal plane

31
Q

Outline an exception to the rule that abduction/adduction occur in the frontal plane

A

In the thumb - occurs in the sagittal plane

32
Q

Define opposition

A

Movement by which the pad of the 1st digit is brought to another digit pad

33
Q

Define reposition

A

Movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position

34
Q

Define dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at the ankle joint

35
Q

Define plantarflexion

A

Bending of the foot and toes toward the ground

36
Q

Define eversion

A

Moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally

37
Q

Define inversion

A

Moves the sole of the foot towards the median plane, facing the sole medially

38
Q

How is pronation of the foot achieved?

A

Through a combination of eversion and abduction that results in lowering the medial margin of the foot

39
Q

How is supination of the foot achieved?

A

Through a combination of inversion and adduction that results in raising the medial margin of the foot

40
Q

Define elevation

A

Raises or moves a part superiorly

41
Q

Define depression

A

Lowers or moves a part inferiorly

42
Q

Define protrusion

A

Movement anteriorly (forward)

43
Q

Define retrusion

A

Movement posteriorly

44
Q

Define protraction

A

Anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

45
Q

Define retraction

A

Posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

46
Q

When the foot is fully everted, it is also what?

A

Dorsiflexed

47
Q

When the foot is fully inverted, it is also what?

A

Plantarflexed

48
Q

Of the neurovascular structures, which demonstrate the greatest degree of variation? Which demonstrate the least?

A

Greatest: veins
Least: nerves

Least - nerves

ACEM Primary Written (160 decks)

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