France - Burgundy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main red grape variety of Bourgonge?
A
Pinot Noir
also Gamay in Beaujolais
2
Q
What are the main white grape varieties of Bourgonge?
A
Chardonnay ⚪
Aligoté ⚪
Pinot Blanc ⚪
3
Q
What is a nègociant - eleveurs?
A
A wine brokerage (Bourgogne) firm that purchases grapes and wine from small producers, blend it together, and label it under their own nègociant label
4
Q
What percentage of wines produced in Bourgonge use a negociant firm?
A
70%
5
Q
What is the climate type of Bourgonge?
A
Cool - Continental
6
Q
Where is Bourgonge located?
A
East - Central France
7
Q
What are the regions of Bourgonge?
A
Chablis
Côte d’Or
- Côte de Nuits
- Côte de Beaune
Côte Chalonnaise
Mâconnais
Beaujolais
8
Q
What is the Classification hierarchy of Vineyards in Bourgonge?
A
Lowest tier to highest regarded
Regional Appellation
Village
Premier Cru
Grand Cru
9
Q
Most of the wines made in Bourgonge fall under which Classification?
A
Regional Appellation
Note:
Inexpensive and simple wines produced
10
Q
What is a village (Bourgonge)
A
They produce grapes grown in the vineyards surrounding one of Bourgonge’s important subregions or one of the many famous villages
Example:
Appellation Côte de Beaune Contrôlèe and Appellation Pouilly - Fuissè Contrôlèe
11
Q
What is a Premier Cru? (Bourgonge)
A
They are reserved only for those Vineyards that have historically produced important and highly regarded wines
12
Q
How are Premier Cru villages labeled in Bourgonge?
A
With the name of the village or commune they are grown in or around
- the name of the premier cru Vineyard itself and the term “Premier Cru or Ler Cru”
Example
Appellation Pommard Epenots Premier Cru Contrôlèe
13
Q
What is the highest designation a vineyard in Bourgonge can have?
A
Grand Cru
14
Q
What does Grand Cru mean?
A
Great Growth
15
Q
How does a wine become labeled grand Cru?
A
Must be entirely from grapes grown in one of the famous vineyards
16
Q
How many Grand Cru villages are their in Bourgonge?
A
33
- One in Chablis
- 32 in Côte d’Or
17
Q
How are Grand Cru villages labeled on a bottle?
A
It would just have the vineyards name and the term Grand Cru
Example
Appellation Le Montrachet Grand Cru Contrôlèe
18
Q
What are the main two minor grapes in Bourgonge?
A
Aligotè - White
Gamay - Red
19
Q
True or False
Chardonnay native home is Bourgogne?
A
True
20
Q
What are Characteristics of Chardonnay?
A
- Ripen to high sugar and high extract levels
- Primary fruit typically consist of apple and citrus with secondary and tertiary aromas of butter, nuts, ginger, vanilla and nutmeg
- pale white to yellow gold in color depending on age and specific terroir
21
Q
What are the characteristics of Pinot Noir?
A
- Good Acidity
- low to moderate tannins, rather light red in color
- Primary fruit typically consists of cherry and strawberry with secondary and tertiary aromas of earth, leather, Violets, Clove, Cinnamon, sandalwood, smoke and truffle
22
Q
True or False
Bourgonge is the birthplace of Pinot Noir?
A
True
23
Q
Do grapes traditionally fully ripen in Bourgonge?
A
No they don’t due to the cool continental climate.
That is why their wines are higher in acid and low in alcohol
24
Q
What is the main soil type of Bourgonge?
A
Limestone
25
What is the northern most region of Bourgonge?
Chablis
26
What is the climate of Chablis
Cool - Continential
- traditionally cooler than the rest of Bourgonge
27
What is the soil type of Chablis?
Kimmeridgian Limestone
- millions of tiny, prehistoric oyster shells
Portlandian Clay
28
What is the main grape of Chablis?
Chardonnay
-Only grape allowed by law to be grown in this region l
29
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Chablis?
40
30
How many grand cru's are in Chablis and what are they?
One - but there are 7 Climats of Chablis
- Bougros
- Les Preuses
- Vaudèsir
- Grenouilles
- Valmur
- Les Clos
- Blanchot
31
What does Côte d'Or mean?
Golden Slope
32
What is the soil type of Côte d'Or
Limestone
33
What are the two major areas of Côte d'Or?
Côte Nuits
Côte Beaune
34
How many grand Cru villages are in Côte d'Or?
32
35
What are the villages of Côte de Nuit? (9)
Nuits - Saint - Georges - 🔴
Morey - Saint Denis - 🔴
Chambolle - Musigny - 🔴⚪️
Marsannay - 🔴
Fixin - 🔴
Gevrey - Chambertin - 🔴
Vougeot - 🔴
Vosne - Romaneè - 🔴
Flagey Echezeaux- 🔴
36
What is the only major village in Côte d Nuits that makes both red and white wine? (Exclude Marsannay and Fixin)
Chambolle - Musigny
37
What is the main grape of Côte d' Or?
Pinot Noir
38
What are the Grand Cru vineyards of Gevrey - Chambertin? (9)
Chambertin
Chambertin - Clos de Bèze
Chapelle - Chambertin
Charmes - Chambertin
Griotte - Chambertin
Latricierès - Chambertin
Mazis - Chambertin
Mazoyères - Chambertin
Rouchottes - Chambertin
39
What are the Grand Cru vineyards of Morey - Saint Denis? (5) of Cote de Nuits
Clos Saint - Denis
Clos de la Roche
Clos des Lambrays
Clos de Tart
Bonnes Mares
40
What is the Grand Cru vineyards of Chambolle - Musigny? (2)
Bonnes Mares
Musigny
41
What is the Grand Cru vineyards in Flagey Echezeaux (2)
(Pronunciation: Fla-jay Etch-e-zo)
Èchezeaux
Grands - Èchezeaux
42
What are the Grand Cru vineyards of Vosne - Romanèe? (6)
La Grand Rue
Richebourg
La Romanèe
Romanèe - Conti
Romanèe - Saint Vivant
La Tâche
43
What Grand Cru in the Côte de Nuits is in two villages?
Bonnes Mares
- Morey - Saint Denis
- Chambolle - Musigny
44
How many Premier cru's Vineyards are in the Côte de Nuits?
140
45
What region has the most grand crus in Bourgonge and how many?
Côte de Nuits and its 24 grand Cru villages
46
What are the main grape varietals of the Côte de Beaune?
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
47
What is the **main** wine made in Côte de Beaune ?
Chardonnay
48
What are the villages of Côte de Beaune? (18)
Beaune - ⚪️🔴
Chorey - lès - Beaune - ⚪️🔴
Savigny - lès - Beaune - ⚪️🔴
Puligny - Montrachet - ⚪️🔴
Chassagne - Montrachet - ⚪️🔴
Pommard - ⚪️🔴
Volnay - ⚪️🔴
Monthèlie - ⚪️🔴
Meursault - ⚪️🔴
Maranges - ⚪️🔴
Saint - Romain - ⚪️🔴
Saint - Aubin - ⚪️🔴
Santenay - ⚪️🔴
Auxey - Duresses - ⚪️🔴
Lanoux - Serrigny - ⚪️🔴
Aloxe - Corton - ⚪️🔴
Pernand - Vergelesses - ⚪️🔴
49
What are the Grand Cru vineyards of Ladoix - Serrigny? (2)
Corton
Corton - Charlemagne
50
What are the Grand Cru vineyards of Aloxe - Corton? (3)
Charlemagne
Corton
Corton - Charlemagne
51
What are the Grand Cru vineyards for Pernand - Vergelesses? (3)
Charlemagne
Corton
Corton - Charlemagne
52
What are the Grand Cru vineyards for Puilgny - Montrachet? (3)
Montrachet
Bâtard - Montrachet
Criots - Bâtard - Montrachet
53
What grand Cru in the Côte de Beaune is located in 3 different villages?
Corton and Corton - Charlemagne
- Ladoix - Serrigny
- Aloxe - Corton
- Pernand - Vergelesses
54
What Grand Crus in the Côte de Beaune are located in 2 different villages?
Charlemagne
- Aloxe - Corton
- Pernand - Vergelesses
Montrachet
- Puligny - Montrachet
- Chassagne - Montrachet
Bâtard - Montrachet
- Puligny - Montrachet
- Chassagne - Montrachet
55
What region has the most Premier Cru Vineyards?
Côte de Beaune @ 313 vineyards
56
What is the main grape grown in the Grand Cru vineyard's of Côte de Beaune?
Chardonnay
57
Out of the 8 Grand Cru in the Côte d'Beaune vineyards how many are strictly for Chardonnay?
7
58
What river flows through Chablis?
The Serein
59
What city, capital of Côte d'Or dèpartement, marks the northern end of the Côte de Nuits?
Dijon
60
Name all the Grand Crus in Cote de Beaune
Côte de Beaune:
1.Corton (Aloxe-Corton, Ladoix-Serrigny, Pernand-Vergelesses)
2. Corton-Charlemagne (Aloxe-Corton, Ladoix-Serrigny, Pernand-Vergelesses)
3. Charlemagne (Aloxe-Corton, Ladoix-Serrigny)
4. Montrachet (Puligny-Montrachet and Chassagne-Montrachet)
5. Bâtard-Montrachet (Puligny-Montrachet and Chassagne-Montrachet)
6. Chevalier-Montrachet (Puligny-Montrachet)
7. Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet (Puligny-Montrachet)
8. Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet (Chassagne-Montrachet)
61
What is the largest grand Cru in Bourgonge?
Corton (over 160 hectares)
62
What is the unofficial 8th grand cru of Chablis, comprised of parcels of both Les Preuses and Vaudèsir?
La Moutonne
63
What are the Communes of Côte Chalonnaise?
Bouzeron - ⚪️
Rully - 🔴⚪️
Mercurey - 🔴⚪️
Givry - 🔴⚪️
Montagny - ⚪️
64
What wine is Bouzeron known for?
Aligote
Note:
Only village Appellation in Bourgonge that produces wines from the Aligotè grape
65
What is the soil type of Côte Chalonnaise?
Limestone and clay
66
What is the main grape of Rully and what type wines do they make?
Chardonnay
Sparkling Wine - Crèmant de Bourgonge
67
What is the main grape of Givry?
Pinot Noir
68
What is the main grape of Mercurey?
Pinot Noir
69
How many Grand Cru vineyards are in Côte Chalonnaise?
Zero
70
What river runs through the Côte Chalonnaise?
Saône River
71
Mâconnais is named after what?
The city of Mâcon, the largest village in the region of Mâconnais
72
What is the most important village of Mâconnais?
Pouilly - Fuissè - ⚪️
73
What **variety** of wine is produced in Mâconnais?
100% Chardonnay
74
What is the most famous region of Mâconnais?
Pouilly - Fuissè
75
Are there any Premier Cru Vineyards in Mâconnais?
Yes
76
Are their any Grand Cruc Vineyards in Mâconnais?
No
77
What is the main soil of Mâconnais?
Limestone
78
What is the name of the Southern most region in Bourgonge?
Beaujolais
79
What is the largest region in Bourgonge?
Beaujolais
80
What is the climate of Beaujolais?
Warm - Continental
81
What dèpartement (state) does Beaujolais lay in?
Rhone Valley
82
Why isn't Pinot Noir not the grape of Beaujolais?
Climate and Soil type
83
What is the main grape of Beaujolais?
Gamay - 🔴
- made for early consumption
- more fruity and simple
84
What are the 3 basic classes of Beaujolais?
AOC Beaujolais
AOC Beaujolais - Villages
Cru Beaujolais - commune specific and are considered the best in the region
85
Where are most of the vineyards in Beaujolais located?
Southern part of Beaujolais
86
How are Cru Beaujolais labeled on the Bottle?
With only the commune or village name
87
What are the 10 communes of Beaujolais?
Brouilly
Chènas
Chiroubles
Côte de Brouilly
Fleurie
Julienas
Morgon
Moulin - à - Vent
Règniè
Saint - Amour
88
What is Beaujolais Nouveau?
A wine that released yearly on the 3rd Thursday of November
Wine is made of grapes that were picked 7 to 9 weeks before release
Wine is made to celebrate the French wine harvest season
89
What is carbonic maceration?
- when a whole bunch of uncrushed grapes are placed into cats filled with carbon dioxide,
- Fermentation ensues when the grapes are at the bottom of the vats are crushed by the weight of the grapes above them
- As more carbon dioxide is produced by this fermentation, it envelops all of the grapes in the vat and the fermentation continues inside the whole grapes at the top of the vat
- Eventually the grapes burst, releasing more juice, until the fermentation of all grape sugars is complete and the wine is pressed
90
What latitude degrees does Bourgonge set between
46-48th degree latitude
91
Domains in Chablis
Dauvissat (doh-vee-sahn)
Raveneau (Rav- new)
92
Where does the name Chardonnay come from
The Commune of Chardonnay in Mâconnais
93
Where are all the Grand crus in Burgundy located and how much percentage of production do they make up
Côte d'Or and Chablis
- 2%
94
Where are the vineyards of the Hautes Côte de Nuits and Hautes Côte de Beaune located
They are scattered in the low mountains just west of the more prestigious Côte d'Or village appellations
95
Côte de Beaune Villages produces what kind of wine and from what communes
🔴 wine
Pommard, Volnay, Aloxe-Corton , and Beaune
96
Côte de Nuits Villages produces what kind of wine
🔴 and rarely ⚪ wines
97
What are the two AOP's in Bourgonge that produce sparkling wines?
Crèmont de Bourgonge
Bourgonge Mousseux
98
What is the name of the oldest sparkling wine AOP in Bourgonge
Bourgogne Mousseux
99
What method does Bourgogne Mousseux use to make sparkling wine
Traditional Method
100
When did Crèmant de Bourgogne become a AOP
1975
101
How many hectares are dedicated to sparkling wine in Bourgogne
2,000 ha
Approximately 1/14 of the entire acreage of Burgundy
102
What is the law in regards to harvesting Grand Crus in Bourgogne
Hand Harvest only
103
What is a climat
A single vineyard in Bourgonge.
It draws from the notion of terroir, and become tracts of land whose wines are not shaped by location, but by other environmental and manmade conditions particular to the vineyard
104
What is the difference between a lieu-dit and a climat
Lieu dit is a term used by geographers
Climat is a term used by vignerons
105
What does Cru mean
Derives from the word Croître which means to grow
In Burgundy Cru mean high quality
106
What is a parcel
A single contiguous holding within a vineyard, owned entirely by one grower
107
What is a Clos
A vineyard enclosed within a stone wall
108
What is a village
Indicts a small town or wines produced in village appellations
109
What is a commune
Is an administrative unit of local government encapsulating a town and its immediate surroundings
110
What is the vine orientation in Côte d' Or
The rows in the vineyard have a east - west orientation, trailing up the slope rather than parallel to it
111
What is the vine distance of Côte d'Or
1 x 1 meter spacing
112
By law what is the max amount of plants per hectare you can have in Côte d'Or
9,000 plants per hectare
113
What is the minimum amount of Vines per hectare you can have in Chablis
5,500 plants per hectare
114
What is the row spacing requirement of Chablis
1.5 or 1.65 meters
115
What is the lowest amount of Vines per hectare in Beaujolais
6,000 Vines per hectare
116
What are the 3 appellations of Chablis
Petit Chablis AOP
Chablis AOP
Chablis Grand Cru AOP
117
Berdiot
Côte de Caubarousse
Fourchaume
Les Fourneaux
Mont de Milieu
Montée de Tonnerre
Vaucoupin
These are Premier Cru for what region
Right Bank Chablis
118
Beauroy
Chaume de Talvat
Côte de Léchet
Côte de Jouan
Les Beauregards
Montmains
Vau de Vey
Vaillons
Vosgros
Vau Ligneau
These are the premier Crus for what region
Left bank Chablis
119
What is the river in Chablis that separates the premier Crus of Chablis
Serein River
120
What Premier Cru has been widely considered the top In Chablis
Montée de Tonnerre
121
What direction are the premier Crus Vineyards of Chablis facing on the right bank
Southwest - facing the Serein River
122
What direction are the vineyards facing on the Left Bank
Southeast - facing away from the Serein River
123
Where do most of the Grand Crus of Côte d'Or lie and how does it effect it
On a slight 10% grade slope
- soils are slightly deeper and more nutrient rich than those found in higher slopes
- slight slopes are very well drained
124
What direction do the vineyards face in Côte de Nuits
East
125
Côte de Beaune Vineyards face what direction
Southeast
126
What is the northern most Appellation of Côte de Nuits
Marsannay
127
What type of wines can be made in Marsannay
Red 🔴
White ⚪
Rosé 🔴⚪
- the only village Appellation in all of Bourgonge in which producers may choose to produce all three color wines
128
Are there any premier Crus in Marsannay
No
129
What is the largest appellation in Côte d'Or
Gevrey - Chambertin
130
How many Grand Cru vineyards are in Gevrey Chambertin
9
Chambertin
Chambertin Clos de Bèze
Chapelle - Chambertin
Charmes Chambertin
Mazis - Chambertin
Mazoyères - Chambertin
Griotte Chambertin
Latricierès - Chambertin
Ruchottes - Chambertin
131
Chambertin
Chambertin Clos de Bèze
Chapelle - Chambertin
Charmes Chambertin
Griotte Chambertin
Latricierès - Chambertin
Mazis - Chambertin
Mazoyères - Chambertin
Ruchottes - Chambertin
There are the 9 Grand Cru locations for what Appellation in Bourgonge
Gevrey - Chambertin
132
What type of wines can carry the Gevrey Chambertin or title Grand Cru
Red wines 🔴
133
Top Domaines in Cote d'or
DRC
Leroy
Coche-Dury
Domaine Leflaive,
Roulot
134
What type of wines can be made in Morey Saint Denis
Red wine 🔴
White wine ⚪ (accounts for less than 10% of production)
135
How many Grand Crus are there in Chambolle Musigny
2
Musigny
Bonne Marre (shares with Morey Saint Denis, 90% of climat is in Chambolle Musigny)
136
What is the only Grand Cru in the Côte de Nuits in which white wine production is permitted
Musigny
Climat : Les Petit Musigny
- .57 hectares of Chardonnay
- owned solely by Domaine Comte George de Vogüe
- white wines are labeled Bourgonge Blanc
137
What type of wines are produced in Vougeot
Red wine 🔴
White wine ⚪
138
Vougeot Grand Cru produces what type of wine only
Red wine 🔴
139
Domaine de la Romanée - Conti
Domaine Leroy
Comte Liger Belair
Sylvain Cathiard
Méo - Camuzet
These are all top Domaines for what AOP in Bourgonge
Vosne - Romanée AOP
140
How many grand Crus are in Flagey - Echézeaux
2
Echézeaux
Grands - Echézeaux
141
What is the only red wine producing Grand Cru in Côte de Beaune
Corton
142
What is the largest Grand Cru Appellation in Bourgonge
Corton
143
What 3 communes surround the hill of Corton
Ladoix Serrigny (La-Dwua)
Aloxe - Corton (the largest of the three)
Pernand - Vergelesses
144
Corton - Charlemagne
Charlemagne
These AOPs only can make what type of wine from what grape
White wine ⚪
Chardonnay
145
What type of wines are made in Ladoix AOP
Red wines 🔴
White wines ⚪
146
What type of wines do they make in Pessard Vergelesses
Red wine 🔴 - accounts for 60% of production
White wine ⚪
147
What domaine is the only domaine in Cote de Beaune that produces exclusively Grand Cru wines
Bonneau du Martray - Morey St Denis
148
Name best producers in Côte d'Or
Coche-Dury
DRC
Domaine Leflaive
Leroy
Roulot
149
Savigny Les Beaune makes what type of wines
Red wines 🔴
White wines ⚪
150
What type of wines are made in Monthélie
Red wine 🔴
White wines ⚪
151
Moulin aux Moines
Prunier - Damy
Maison Leroy
These are the top Domaines from what Appellation
Auxey - Duresses
152
What type of wine is made in Auxey Duresses
Red wine 🔴
White wine ⚪
153
What type of wines do they make in Saint Romain AOP
Red wine 🔴
White wines ⚪
154
What are some of the flavor characteristics of Meursault
Rich
Fat on the palate
Nutty
Buttery
Honeyed Spectrum of flavors
Soft acidity
155
Are their any grand Crus in Meursault
No only Premier Crus
156
Domaine A & P Villaine is the most famous estate for what AOP
Bouzeron AOP
157
Pouilly - Fuissé
Loché
Pouilly Vinzelles
Saint Véron
Viré - Clessé
These are the 5 villages for what AOP
Mâconnais AOP
158
Fuissé
Solturé - Pouilly
Vergisson
Chaintré
These are the 4 communes of what area in Mâconnais
Pouilly Fuissé
159
How is Marc de Bourgogne made
(-) Result of distilling the residue (skins, pips and stalks) – known as marc – of pressed red grapes. This residue is usually distilled by the local still-man.
(-) Matured for at least 15 years before being bottled.
(-) can use red and white grapes
160
Pair White Burgundy
Chablis - high acidity, no oak - fish, oysters, sushi, chicken
Cote de Beaune - Richer fish dishes, anything with a cream sauce, Délice de Bourgogne (cheese), Escargots
Maconnais - cured pork, creamy cheese, veal
161
Pair Red Burgundy
Gamay - Turkey, Plums, Burger (high acidity, low tannin)
Pinot Noir - duck, charcuterie, simply cooked rare meat, Coq a vin, beef bourguignon
162
The Monastic and Napoleonic Code of Inheritance influences on classification, fragmentation of vineyards, and vineyard ownership in burgundy
(-) During the Middle Ages, Burgundy's vineyards were largely established and managed by monasteries, notably the Cistercians and Benedictines. They were meticulous in identifying and cultivating specific plots of land, recognizing differences in terroir and grape quality
(-) The French Revolution and subsequent Napoleonic Code revolutionized property laws, dismantling feudal and monastic holdings and redistributing land to private owners. People had to distribute items equally among male heirs
(-) Over generations, vineyards were repeatedly subdivided among heirs, leading to extreme fragmentation. Single vineyards could end up with multiple owners, each holding tiny plots. This division led to the intricate mosaic of small vineyard parcels seen today This fragmentation resulted in complex ownership structures, where one climat might have several owners, each with a fractional share, complicating vineyard management and production consistency
(-) The meticulous categorization initiated by the monks evolved into the modern Burgundy classification system, which includes Premier Cru and Grand Cru designations. These classifications reflect historical recognition of superior terroirs, often originating from monastic evaluations.
163
Large negociants of Chablis
Louis Jadot
Louis Latour
Albert
Bichot
Bouchard Père et Fils/William Fèvre
Drouhin,
Faiveley
164
Bâttonage
Bâtonnage is the French term for stirring settled lees back into wine
To remind you, “lees” are the sediment of winemaking, usually made up of dead yeast and bits of grape seeds and solids. Winemakers sometimes like to keep some of these solids in contact with the wine as a way to extract flavor, aroma and texture. The solids can then be filtered or fined out before bottling, or the wine can be racked, leaving the solids behind.
165
What's the biggest hazard in Chablis
Frost
166
General effects of limestone soils on vine vigor
(-) Limestone soils typically moderate vine vigor due to their low organic content and high mineral composition. This moderation leads to balanced vine growth, with neither excessive vegetative growth nor stunted development.
(-) Balanced vine vigor is crucial for the production of high-quality grapes, as it allows for optimal sunlight exposure and air circulation around the fruit.
167
Benefits/consequences of planting density
(-) Short vineyards - picking in all the great vineyards done by hand or horse
(-) In the cool climate vineyards of Burgundy close planting and vine age are intrinsically linked to quality.
168
What are two risks of grape growing in Burgundy
Oidium (white, powdery spots on leaves, shoots, and grape clusters) and Mildew
169
General effects of limestone soils on growth / flavor profile
(-) Growth - Drainage: Limestone soils are well-draining, preventing waterlogging around the vine roots and avoids excess moisture, which can lead to diseases and root rot
(-) Growth - Limestone is rich in calcium carbonate, which enhances soil structure and pH balance.
(-) Growth - Fracturing of limestone bedrock allows vine roots to penetrate deeply, accessing nutrients and water stored in deeper soil layers. Promotes resilience and access to consistent moisture, especially during dry periods
(-) Flavor - Contributes to the distinct minerality often found in Burgundy wines.
170
Cold soak, also known as pre-fermentative maceration (CPM)
Involves keeping crushed red grapes at a low temperature before fermentation begins
Goal is to enhance the extraction of flavor compounds, aroma, and pigments from the grape skins into the wine
Cold soaking temperatures are usually between 5–10°C (48–60°F) and the process can take anywhere from a few hours to 10 days, but typically lasts around 3 days
171
Semi-carbonic maceration
Winemaking technique that combines carbonic maceration with traditional alcoholic fermentation.
Involves a short period of carbonic maceration followed by conventional yeast fermentation. The process can produce fresh, vibrant wines with a fruity or musk-like aroma
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Variations in oak usage between Grand
Cru/Premier/Village in Chablis
Grand Cru: Significant oak usage for complexity and aging
Premier Cru: Moderate oak for balance
Village: Minimal to no oak to emphasize purity and minerality
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Variations in oak usage in Mâconnais (Mâcon-Villages
vs. Pouilly-Fuissé)
Mâcon-Villages: Minimal oak, emphasizing fruitiness.
Pouilly-Fuissé: Greater oak influence for richness and complexity
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Variations in oak usage between Beaujolais
Nouveau/Villages/Cru
Cru Beaugolais may see some new oak
Villages may see a little oak
Nouveau sees no oak
