Fortified Wine Flashcards
What are the three great archetypes of fortified wine?
Port
Madeira
Sherry
What are the three main methods of fortification?
Arresting fermentation with spirit resulting in sweet wine (Port)
Fortification after fermentation resulting in dry wine (sherry) (may be sweetened later)
Fortification prior to fermentation (mistelle)
What are four famous mistelles associated with grape-growing regions?
Ratafia (Champagne)
Pineau des Charentes (Cognac)
Floc de Gascogne (Armagnac)
Macvin de Jura (Jura)
What are the maximum yields permitted in Duoro?
Red: 55 hl/ha
White: 65 hl/ha
What are the preferred red grapes of Port?
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Francesa
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Cão
Tinta Barroca
Tinta Amarela
Tinta Francisca
Bastardo
Mourisco Tinto
(must constitute 60% of vineyard plantings)
What are the preferred white grapes of Port?
Gouveio
Malvasia Fina
Viosinho
Rabigato
Esgana Cão
Folgasão
What is Beneficio
The fortification of wine with spirit
What is the aim of the technological approaches of fermentation of Port wine?
Maximize color and flavor with limited time (2-3 day fermentation)
What is aguardente?
77% abv neutral grape spirit used to fortify Port
What is the term for Beneficio in France?
Mutage
What is a Pipe
A vessel for aging Port. In Duoro 550L. In Vila Nova di Gaia 620L. For shipping Port 534.24L. Smaller Pipes are used for shipping Madeira and Marsala
What are the styles of ruby port
Ruby Port
Ruby Reserve Port
Vintage Port
Single Quinta Vintage Port
Late-Bottle Vintage Port
What are the styles of Tawny port?
Tawny port
Reserve Tawny
Tawny with age indication
Colheita Tawny
What are the three types of companies involved in Madeira production?
The winemakers
Shipping companies (trade wine rather than make it; usually based in London)
Partidistas (store wine and sell at maturity to other traders)
What are the principal noble varieties used to make Madeira?
Sercial
Verdelho
Boal
Malmsey
What is the estufagem process?
Heating the wine post fermentation in a tank with hot water running through coils for three months followed by 90 days of rest and then aging.
What is the Canteiro method?
Wines are aged in cask in lodge attics for at least two years. The gentle natural warmth of the sun is slower and avoids burnt tastes. May be bottled after 3 years
What is a Frasqueira?
A wine aged in the Canteiro method which is cask aged for at least 20 years.
What are the three towns at the center of Sherry production?
Jerez de la Frontera
El Puerto de Santa Maria
Sanlúcar de Barrameda
What are the two DO zones of Sherry?
Jerez-Xérès-Sherry
Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
What is the major difference between Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda?
Manzanilla wines must be aged in Sanlúcar which is quite cooler due to the seaside breeze. Often a 20º difference.
What is levante?
A hot, dry wind from the east which essentially cooks the grapes on the vine
What is poniente?
A wind which alternates with the levante and is necessary in the production of flor
What are the three principal soil types found in Jerez?
Albariza - limestone soil on the slopes (best for sherry production)
Barros - Clay rich soil in the low valleys
Arenas - Sandy soil on the coast
What are the three white grapes permitted in Sherry production?
Palomino (Listán)
Pedro Ximénez
Moscatel (Muscat of Alexandria)
What is the sole grape used in Manzanilla?
Palomino
What is vara y pulgar?
Vine training method. One years vara (stick) is pruned back to become the next year’s pulgar (thumb)
What are the yield restrictions in sherry?
80 hl/ha in Jerez Superior
100 hl/ha elsewhere
What are the basic vinification techniques applied to sherry?
Free run and press wines (prima yemen and segunda yemen) are fermented separately and then acidified and clarified
What are the two fermentations of sherry?
Tumultuous fermentation - quick hot fermentation for up to a week
Lenta - slow fermentation lasting a few weeks
What are the five classifications of sherry?
Palma - biological sherry with flor which will become Fino
Palma Cortado - A more robust fino which may become Amontillado
Palo Cortado - Starts on the fino path and is very rich so is redirected to become oloroso
Raya - Flor dies and wine is redirected to become oloroso
Dos Rayas - Flor disappears, wine is coarse and rough, often destined for sherry vinegar
For every liter of sherry drawn from the solara, how many must remain?
Two
What is trasiegos?
The movement of wine through the solera system
What is añada wine?
New vintage wine
