Finish Strong Final Exam - Chapter 21

Question 1

Approach based on the use of sensory stimulation to effect motor responses.

Answer 1

Rood Approach- Named for Margaret S. Rood

Question 2

PNF stands for what?

Answer 2

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Approach

Question 3

NDT stands for what?

Answer 3

Neurodevelopmental Treatment Approach

Question 4

What are the basic assumptions of Rood’s theory?

Answer 4

1. Normal muscle tone is a prerequisite to movement
2. Treatment begins at the developmental level of functioning
3. Motivation enhances purposeful movement
4. Reputition is necessary for the reeducation of muscular responses

Question 5

What are Rood’s 4 general principles in the treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction?

Answer 5

1. Reflexes can be used to assist or retard the effects of sensory stimulation
2. Sensory stimulation of receptors can produce predictable responses
3. Muscles have different duties
4. Heavy-work muscles should be integrated before light-work muscles

Question 6

What are Rood’s proposed 4 sequential phases related to the development of motor control?

Answer 6

1. Reciprocal inhibition (innervation)
2. Co-contraction
3. Heavy work
4. Skill

Question 7

The muscle acting on one side of a joint (agonist) contracts while it’s opposite (antagonist) relaxes. An example is an infant who randomly flexes and extends their arms and legs.

Answer 7

Reciprocal inhibition (Innervation)

Question 8

This occurs when opposing muscles contract simultaneously, resulting in stabilization of the joint

Answer 8

co-contraction

Question 9

Defined as mobility on stability. In this phase the proximal muscles move and the distal segments are fixed

Answer 9

heavy work

Question 10

This is the highest level of control and combines the efforts of mobility and stability

Answer 10

Skill

Question 11

Specific sequence of motor development that patient goes through (8 motor patterns)

Answer 11

ontogenic motor patterns

Question 12

What are the 8 ontogenic motor patterns?

Answer 12

1. Supine Withdrawal
2. Roll Over
3. Pivot Prone
4. Neck Co-contraction
5. On Elbows
6. All Fours
7. Static Standing
8. Walking

Question 13

What is supine withdrawal?

Answer 13

Supine flexion- toward the navel

Question 14

What is roll over?

Answer 14

Toward side-lying (arm and leg flex on same side of body)

Question 15

What is pivot prone?

Answer 15

Prone extension (Full extension of neck, shoulders, trunk, and LE’s)

Question 16

What is neck co-contraction?

Answer 16

Co-innervation- First real stability pattern used for head control and stability of the neck

Question 17

What is on elbows?

Answer 17

prone on elbow

Question 18

What is all fours?

Answer 18

quadruped position

Question 19

This is applied to the skin in the form of light-moving touch, fast brushing, or icing are examples of this:

Answer 19

cutaneous stimulation

Question 20

This is a thermal stimulus that can be powerful and unpredictable.

Answer 20

icing

Question 21

Refers to facilitation of joint and muscle receptors and the vestibular system is what?

Answer 21

Proprioceptive stimulation

Question 22

What are some proprioceptive stimulation techniques?

Answer 22

Heavy joint compression
Quick stretch
Tapping
Vestibular Stimulation
Vibration
Neutral Warmth
Light Joint Compression
Elongated position

Question 23

If patient has severe neurologic damage, treatment should start with what?

Answer 23

reflexive movements

Question 24

Movement therapy is what treatment approach?

Answer 24

Brunnstrom Approach

Question 25

Brunnstrom Approach is most often used in the treatment of what?

Answer 25

Hemiplegia

Question 26

What is "evolution in reverse"?

Answer 26

Damaged CNS regresses to former patterns of movement like limb synergies and primitive reflexes.

Question 27

Gross patterns of limb flexion and extension where muscles act as a bound unit in primitive and stereotypical manner

Answer 27

limb synergies

Question 28

This type of synergy consists of scapular adduction and elevation, shoulder abduction and external rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist flexion, and finger flexion

Answer 28

flexor synergy of the UE

Question 29

This type of synergy consists of hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation; knee flexion; ankle dorsiflexion and inversion; and toe extension

Answer 29

flexor synergy of the LE

Question 30

This type of synergy consists of scapular abduction and depression, shoulder adduction and internal rotation, elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist and finger flexion or extension

Answer 30

extensor synergy of the UE

Question 31

This type of synergy consists of hip abduction, extension, and internal rotation; knee extension; ankle plantar flexion and inversion; toe flexion

Answer 31

extensor synergy of the LE

Question 32

Hypertonicity in flexor synergy of the UE is usually greatest in what? Least in what?

Answer 32

Greatest: Elbow flexion Least: shoulder abduction and external rotation

Question 33

Hypertonicity in extensor synergy of the UE is usually greatest in what? Least in what?

Answer 33

Greatest: Shoulder adduction and internal rotation Least: elbow extension

Question 34

Highest tone in flexor synergy of the LE is usually what? Lowest tone in what?

Answer 34

Highest: hip flexion Lowest: hip abduction and external rotation

Question 35

Hypertonicity in extensor synergy of the LE is usually greatest in what? Least in what?

Answer 35

Greatest: Hip abduction, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion Least: hip extension and internal rotation

Question 36

How many recovery steps or stages are there in Brunnstrom's motor recovery after a CVA?

Answer 36

6

Question 37

T/F Progression through Recovery Steps works from proximal to distal and gross to fine motor.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Movements seen on the hemiplegic side in response to forceful movements on the normal side

Answer 38

Associated reactions

Question 39

ATNR

Answer 39

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex- arm and leg flex on side face is turned toward and other arm and leg extend

Question 40

STNR

Answer 40

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex- flexion of neck causes extension of arms and flexion of legs

Question 41

These types of approaches use mass movement patterns that resemble normal movement during functional activities

Answer 41

PNF approaches

Question 42

Mass movement patterns observed in most functional activities used in PNF approach are what?

Answer 42

Diagonal patterns

Question 43

T/F Establishing a balance between antagonists is a main objective of PNF

Answer 43

True

Question 44

In order to achieve motor learning, ______ _______ should be brief and clear. Timing is also important

Answer 44

verbal commands

Question 45

PNF evaluation follows a sequence from proximal to distal. Special attention is given to what?

Answer 45

Muscle tone, alignment (midline or shift to one side), and stability/mobility

Question 46

Treatment techniques used in PNF approach are what?

Answer 46

Diagonal patterns, total patterns, and facilitation techniques

Question 47

For hand-to-mouth motion in feeding, or combing hair on left side of head with right hand, you would be using which diagonal pattern?

Answer 47

UE D1 flexion

Question 48

For pushing car door open from inside, you would be using which diagonal pattern?

Answer 48

UE D1 extension

Question 49

For combing hair on right side of head with right hand, or swimming the backstroke, which diagonal pattern would be used?

Answer 49

UE D2 flexion

Question 50

For pitching baseball, buttoning pants on left side with right hand, which diagonal pattern would be used?

Answer 50

UE D2 extension

Question 51

When paired extremities perform like movements at the same time (reaching to lift large item off high shelf), it is what kind of pattern?

Answer 51

Symmetrical pattern

Question 52

When paired extremities perform movements toward one side of the body at the same time (zipping a left-sided skirt zipper)

Answer 52

asymmetrical pattern

Question 53

When paired extremities perform movements in opposite directions at the same time (walking on a balance beam, one arm up and one arm down for stability)

Answer 53

reciprocal patterns

Question 54

In PNF, developmental postures are called what?

Answer 54

Total patterns of movement

Question 55

Besides verbal commands and visual cues, other common procedures in PNF techniques include what?

Answer 55

Manual contact, stretch, traction, and approximation

Question 56

Refers to the placement of the clinician's hands on the patient

Answer 56

manual contact

Question 57

Used to initiate voluntary movement and enhance speed of response and strength in weak muscles

Answer 57

stretch

Question 58

Facilitates the joint receptors by separating the joint surfaces

Answer 58

traction

Question 59

Facilitates joint receptors by creating a compression of joint surfaces

Answer 59

approximation

Question 60

Technique based on the assumption that reputition of an activity is necessary for motor learning and helps develop strength, ROM, and endurance

Answer 60

repeated contraction

Question 61

Used to improve the ability to initiate movement, a problem seen in patients with Parkinson's disease or apraxia

Answer 61

rhythmic initiation

Question 62

Two examples of PNF relaxation techniques are:

Answer 62

1. contract-relax techniques | 2. hold-relax techniques (involve isometric contraction)

Question 63

NDT is most often used to treat what?

Answer 63

Children with CP and Adult hemiplegia

Question 64

NDT is also known as what approach?

Answer 64

Bobath Approach

Question 65

T/F with NDT, patients are taught compensatory techniques

Answer 65

False- Compensatory techniques may lead to overuse of uninvolved side and underuse of involved side. It will ultimately interfere with functional recovery

Question 66

Normal: When patient attempts to move the weak side and the strong side responds by making the same movement

Answer 66

Associated movements

Question 67

Patient moves using compensatory movements or movements influenced by abnormal synergy patterns. These are abnormal and should be avoided.

Answer 67

Associated reactions

Question 68

The goal of this approach is to normalize tone, inhibit primitive patterns of movement, and facilitate automatic, voluntary reactions and subsequent normal movement patterns

Answer 68

NDT approach

Question 69

Increasing abnormally low tone is done through

Answer 69

facilitation techniques

Question 70

Reducing abnormally high tone is done through

Answer 70

inhibition techniques

Question 71

According to Bobath, normalization of muscle tone can be accomplished through one or more of these techniques:

Answer 71

1. Weight bearing over the affected side 2. Trunk rotation 3. Scapular protraction 4. Anterior pelvic tilt/forward positioning of pelvis 5. Facilitation of slow, controlled movement 6. Proper positioning 7. Incorporating the UE into activities