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Medical Terminology > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Clara Barton

A

Founded the American Red Cross

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1
Q

Florence Nightingale

A
  • associated with reduced mortality rates during the crimean war
  • revered as the founder of modern nursing
  • introduced the concept of broad-based liberal education for nurses
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2
Q

Lillian Wald

A

Considered the start of Public Health nursing in the U.S.

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3
Q

Dependent nursing functions

A

Administering medications

medication orders are required before meds can be given: exact instructions are required

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4
Q

Independent nursing functions

A

Nursing standards establish how nurses perform these activities
Not written by a perscriber

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5
Q

Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competencies

A
  • Patient centered care
  • Teamwork & collaboration
  • Evidence based practice and research
  • Quality Improvement (QI)
  • Safety
  • Informatics
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6
Q

Problem, Etiology, Symptoms (PES)

A
  • Parts of creating a diagnostic statement
  • Problem: describes the client’s health status and identifies a response that needs to be changed
  • Etiology: contains factors that cause, contribute to, or create a risk for the problem
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7
Q

PICO

A
  • Used in research
  • Patient, population, problem
  • Intervention, treatment, cause, contributing factor
  • Comparison interventions
  • Outcome
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8
Q

Full spectrum nursing model

A

Involves:

  • Clinical judgement
  • Critical thinking
  • Problem solving
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9
Q

NANDA nursing diagnosis components

A
  • Diagnostic label
  • Definition
  • Defining characteristics
  • Related factors
  • Risk factors
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10
Q

Nursing Theory

A
  • An organized set of related ideas and concepts that:
  • Assist in finding meaning in our experiences
  • Organize our thinking around an idea
  • Develop new ideas and insights into the work we do
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11
Q

Components of a theory

A
  • Phenomena
  • Assumptions
  • Concepts
  • Definition
  • Statements/propositions
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12
Q

Components of the nursing metaparadigm

A
  • Views the person through a lens that focuses more broadly on the entire person
  • Not always theories, just how we see things
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13
Q

Madaline Leininger

A
  • Founder of transcultural nursing
  • Theory focuses on caring as a cultural competence
  • Using knowledge of cultures and nursing to provide culturally congruent and responsible care
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14
Q

Virgina Henderson

A
  • Basic principles of nursing care

- Identifies the 14 basic needs of nursing care

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15
Q

Dr Jean Watson

A
  • Science of human caring

- Describes what caring means from a nursing perspective

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16
Q

Patricia Benner

A

Novice to expert

  • Novice
  • Advanced beginner
  • Competent
  • Proficient
  • Expert
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17
Q

Hildeguard Peplau

A
  • Psychiatrist nurse
  • Health could be improved for psychiatric patients if there were a more effective way to communicate with them
  • Developed the theory of interpersonal relations, which focuses on the relationship a nurse has with the patient
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18
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy

A
  • The lower level (Physiological) must be met to some degree before the higher ones (Trascendence)
  • Physiological- food, air, water, temperature regulation, elimination, rest, sex, and physical activity
  • Safety and security- Protection, emotional and physical safety and security, order, law, stability, shelter
  • Love and belonging- Giving and receiving affection, meaningful relationships, belonging to groups
  • Self-esteem- Pride, sense of accomplishment, recognition by others
  • Cognitive- Knowledge, understanding, exploration
  • Aesthetic- Symmetry, order, beauty
  • Self-actualization- Personal growth, reaching potential
  • Transcendence- of self; helping others self actualize
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19
Q

Inductive reasoning

A
  • Drawing conclusions from a pattern found in individual pieces of information
  • Remember induction by thinking IN-duction
  • I have specific data out there and I bring in IN to make the generalization
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20
Q

Deductive reasoning

A
  • Starts with a general premise and moves to a specific deduction
  • You have a big picture about what is true in general, and from that you can find out logically what is likely to be true for a particular individual
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21
Q

Subjective data

A

Covert data, symptoms

the information communicated to the nurse by the client, family, or community

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22
Q

Objective data

A

Overt data, signs

gathered through a physical assessment or from lab or diagnostic tests

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23
Q

Primary data

A

The subjective and objective info obtained from the client

What the client says or what you observe

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24
Q

Secondary data

A

Obtained secondhand for example from a medical record or from another caregiver

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25
Q

Directive interviewing

A
  • To obtain factual, easily categorized info, or in an emergency situation
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26
Q

Closed questions

A

Questions that can be answered with a yes, no, or short factual answer

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27
Q

Nondirective interviewing

A
  • You allow the patient to control the subject matter
  • Your role is to clarify, summarize, and ask mostly open ended questions that facilitate thought and communication
  • Ask when you want to obtain subjective data
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28
Q

Open-ended questions

A
  • Specify a topic to be explored
  • Are phrased broadly to encourage the patient to elaborate
  • Ask when you want to obtain subjective data
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29
Q

The nursing process 6 phases

A
  • Assessment
  • Diagnosis
  • Planning outcomes
  • Planning interventions
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
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30
Q

Components of a nursing interview

A
  • Biographical data
  • Chief complaint
  • Hx of present illness
  • Client’s perception of health status
  • Past health hx
  • Family health hx
  • Social hx
  • medication hx/ device use
  • Complementary/alternative (CAM)
  • Review of body systems & associated functional abilities
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31
Q

Physical assessment

A
  • Produces objective data
  • Makes use of the techniques of inspection (visual exam), palpation (touch), percussion (tapping on body surface), direct auscultation (listening with unaided ear), and indirect auscultation (listening with stethoscope)
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32
Q

Focused assessment

A
  • Performed to obtain data about actual, potential, or possible problem that has been identified or is suspected
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33
Q

Special needs assessment

A

Type of focused assessment that provides in-depth info about a particular are of client functioning ofter using a specially designed form

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34
Q

Initial assessment

A

Completed when the client first comes into the healthcare agency

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35
Q

Functional ability assessment

A

Especially important in discharge planning and home care initial assessment

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36
Q

Ongoing assessment

A

Performed as needed at any time after the initial database is completed

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37
Q

Comprehensive assessment

A

Also called a global assessment, patient database, or nursing database
Provides holistic info about the client’s overall health status

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38
Q

parts of physical assessment

A

inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation

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39
Q

NANDA and the nursing diagnosis

A

Nursing diagnosis provides the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable

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40
Q

NANDA nursing diagnosis components

A 
Diagnostic label
Definition
Defining characteristics
Related factors
Risk factors
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41
Q

Medical diagnosis

A

Describes disease, illness, or injury

42
Q

Nursing diagnosis

A

A statement of client health status that nurses can identify, prevent, or treat independently

43
Q

Actual nursing diagnosis

A

Describes the human response to health conditions/life processes that exist in the individual, family, group, or community
Supported by defining characteristics and related factors

44
Q

Health promotion nursing diagnosis

A

A clinical judgment about a person’s family’s, group’s, or community’s motivation and desire to increase-well-being and actualize human health potential
Focuses on being as healthy as possible, as opposed to preventing a disease problem

45
Q

Risk nursing diagnosis

A

A clinical judgment about human experience/response to health conditions/life processes that have a high probability of developing in a vulnerable individual, family group, or community
Is supported by risk factors

46
Q

Syndrome nursing diagnosis

A

A clinical judgment describing a specific cluster of nursing diagnosis that occur together and are best addressed together through similar interventions

47
Q

Critical pathways

A
  • Often used in managed care systems
  • Outcomes based
  • Interdisciplinary plans that sequence patient care according to case type
  • Specify and predict patient outcomes and broad interventions for each day, or in situations, for each hour
  • Describe the minimal standard of care required to meet the recommended length of stay for patients with a particular condition or diagnosis
48
Q

Protocols

A
  • Cover specific actions usually required for a clinical problem unique to a subgroup of patients
  • May be written for a particular medical diagnosis, treatments, or diagnostic tests
  • Contain both medical and nursing orders
  • Some include definitions and rationales for interventions
49
Q

Expected outcomes statement

A
  • The responsibility of the professional nurse
  • Should involve the client as much as possible, because goal achievement is more likely if the client believes that goals are important or realistic
50
Q

5 components of nursing orders

A 
Date
Subject
Action verb (the nurse is the doer)
Times and limits
Signature
51
Q

Implementation

A

process
delegation
documentation

52
Q

Ongoing evaluation

A

While implementing care, immediately after intervention, and at each patient contact

53
Q

Intermittent evaluation

A

performed at specified times

54
Q

Terminal evaluation

A

Describes the clients health status and progress toward goals at the time of discharge

55
Q

Structure evaluation

A

Focuses on the setting in which care is provided

56
Q

Process evaluation

A

Focuses on the manner in which care is given, the activities performed by nurses

57
Q

Outcomes evaluation

A

Focuses on observable or measurable changes in the patient’s health status that results from the care given

58
Q

Evaluation

A

Planned ongoing systematic activity in which you will make judgments about:
The clients progress toward desired health outcomes
The effectiveness of the nursing care plan
The quality of nursing care in the healthcare setting

59
Q

Revise the care plan

A 
Review of assessment
Diagnosis
planning outcomes
planning interventions
implementation
Reflect critically about evaluation
Evaluate systematically, record the results, use the reassessment data to examine and modify the care plan
60
Q

PES

A

Problem
Etiology
Symptoms
problem r/t etiology as manifested by (AMB) signs or symptoms

61
Q

Assumptions

A

ideas we take for granted

62
Q

Phenomena

A

Aspects of reality that you can observe and experience

63
Q

Concepts

A

A mental image of a phenomena. A symbol in your mind

64
Q

Definition

A

A statement of the meaning of a term or concept that sets forth the concept’s characteristics or indicators
That is the things that allow you to identify the concept

65
Q

Operational definition

A

Specifies how you would observe or measure a concept

66
Q

Statement (propositions)

A

Systematically describe the linkages and interactions among the concepts of theory

67
Q

Paradigm

A

The worldview or ideology of a discipline

68
Q

Conceptual framework

A

A set of concepts that are related to form a whole or pattern

69
Q

Model

A

Is a symbolic representation of a framework or concept

a diagram, graph, picture, drawing, or physical model

70
Q

Reasoning

A

Connecting ideas in a way that makes sense

71
Q

Logical reasoning

A

To develop an argument or statement based on evidence that will result in a logical conclusion

72
Q

Inductive reasoning

A
  • often used in the nursing process
  • moves from specific to general
  • you gather separate pieces of info, recognized a pattern, and formed a generalization
73
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

starts with a general premise and moves to a specific deduction

74
Q

Clinical practice theories

A

very specifically guide what you do each day

75
Q

Grand theory

A

Covers broad areas of concern within a discipline

Usually abstract and does not outline specific nursing interventions

76
Q

Why learn it?

A

The ability to read and use nursing research enhances your ability to give quality patient care
Research affects you every day you are a nurse

77
Q

5 phases of the research process

A
  • select and define a problem
  • select a research design
  • collect data
  • analyze data
  • use the research findings
78
Q

Nursing theory

A

An organized set of related ideas and concepts that

  • Assist us in finding meaning in our experiences
  • Organize our thinking around an idea
  • Develop new ideas and insights into the work we do
79
Q

Components of a theory

A 
Phenomena
Assumptions
Concepts
Definitions
Statements/propositions
80
Q

Hypothesis

A

statement the researcher believes to be true and what will be tested through the research project, AKA problem statement

81
Q

Implications and recommendations

A

The final pieces of the research critique

The implications are the should of the research

82
Q

Validity

A

measures what it says it measures

83
Q

Reliability

A

same results (accuracy, consistency, precision) repeatedly

84
Q

Quanitative

A

To gather data from enough subjects to be able to generalize the results to a similar population
Reported as numbers

85
Q

Qualitative

A

Focuses on the lived experiences of people

The purpose is not to generalize the data, but to share the experience of the person or persons in the study

86
Q

PICO

A 
Patient, population, or problem
Intervention, treatment, cause, or contributing factor
Comparison intervention
Outcome
- Outline for effective research
87
Q

SBAR

A

Situation
Background
Assessment
Recommendation

88
Q

4 components of a written expected outcome

A

Subject
Action verb
Performance criteria
Target time/date

89
Q

SMART outcomes statement

A 
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time
90
Q

Selye

A

Stress and adaptation theory
States that a certain amount of stress is good for people
it keeps them motivated and alert
However 2 much stress, called distress, results in physiological symptoms and eventual illness

91
Q

Gordon- Functional patterns (11), NCP organizational format

A 
Health perception/ health management
Nutrition/metabolic
Elimination
Activity/exercise
Cognitive/perceptual
Self perception/self concept
Sleep/rest
Role/relationship
Sexual/reproductive
Coping/stress tolerance
value-belief
92
Q

Clara Barton did not

A

go to nursing school

93
Q

Some prisoners did serve in hospitals during the American Civil War

A

True

94
Q

Penicillin was invented in

A

1950s

95
Q

The teutonic knights were another group of knights who served as caregivers during the

A

Crusades

As a group they were referred to as hospitalers

96
Q

Roles and functions of a nurse

A 
Direct care provider
Communicator
Client/family educator
Client advocate
Counselor
Change agent
Leader
Manager
Case manager
Research consumer
97
Q

Purposes of nursing care

A

Health promotion
Illness prevention
Health restoration
End-of-life care

98
Q

Reimbursement is a very important issue but it is not in the

A

guide to the code of ethics for nurses

99
Q

Actual nursing Dx have how many ___ parts

A

3

100
Q

Health promotion

A

is the primary prevention

keeping everybody healthy from the get go

101
Q

Disease prevention

A

is secondary prevention

specifically trying to prevent the onset of specific illnesses or problems

102
Q

Etiology of the nursing Dx is not the

A

medical Dx

103
Q

Risk Dx have how many parts

A

2 and no Sx

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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