Chapter 4 Flashcards
0
Q
cytology
A
they study of the body at the cellular levell
1
Q
The 3 main parts of a cell
A
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
2
Q
jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients is called
A
cytoplasm
3
Q
nucleus
A
responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
carries the genetic blueprint of the organism
blueprint found in DNA
When the cell is ready to divide, chromatin forms chromosomes
4
Q
Tissue
A
Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity
5
Q
Histology
A
The study of tissues
6
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
- Covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermis of the skin.
- Composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers
7
Q
Connective tissue
A
- Supports and connects other tissues and organs
- Made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.
8
Q
Muscle tissue
A
- Provides contractile tissue
- responsible for movement.
9
Q
Nervous tissue
A
- Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
10
Q
Chromatin
A
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
11
Q
Chromosome
A
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of DNA that carries hereditary information encoded in genes
12
Q
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
13
Q
diaphragm
A
Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
14
Q
metabolism
A
Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
15
Q
organelle
A
Cellular structure that provides a specialized function
16
Q
Organ
A
- Body structures that perform specialized functions
- Composed of two or more tissue types
17
Q
System
A
- Composed of varying numbers of organs and accessary structures that have similar or related functions.
18
Q
Organism
A
- The highest level of organization
- A complete living entity capable of independent existence
19
Q
Anatomical position
A
- Used to locate anatomical parts or divisions
- Body standing erect and the face forward, the arms by the sides, with the palms facing forward
20
Q
Plane
A
- An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections
21
Q
Body cavaties
A
- Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
22
Q
dorsal body cavity
A
- (posterior) including the cranial and spinal cavaties
23
Q
ventral body cavity
A
- (anterior) includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
24
Midsagittal plane
(median)
| Right and left halves
25
Coronal plane
(frontal)
| Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects
26
Transverse plane
(horizontal)
| Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects
27
How many quadrants is the abdominalelvic cavity divided into
4
28
How many regions is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into
9
29
Abduction
Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
30
Adduction
Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body
31
Medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body structure
32
Lateral
Pertaining to a side
33
Superior (cephalad)
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure
34
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
35
Proximal
Nearer to the center ( trunk of the body) r to the point of attachment to the body
36
Distal
Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment
37
Anterior (ventral)
Front of the body
38
Posterior (dorsal)
Back of the body
39
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
40
Visceral
Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
41
Prone
Lying on the abdomen, face down
42
Supine
Lying horizontally on the back, face up
43
Inversion
Turning inward or inside out
44
Eversion
Turning outward
45
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
46
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
47
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body (external)
48
Deep
Away from the surface of the body (internal)
49
cyt/o
cell
50
hist/o
tissue
51
kary/o
nucleus
52
nucle/o
nucleus
53
anter/o
anterior, front
54
caud/o
tail
55
cephal/o
head
56
dist/o
far, farther
57
dors/o
back (of body)
58
infer/o
side, to one side
59
medi/o
middle
60
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
61
proxim/o
near, nearest
62
ventr/o
belly, belly side
63
abdomin/o
abdomen
64
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
65
crani/o
cranium (skull)
66
gastro/o
stomach
67
ili/o
ilium (lateral, flaring portion or hip bone)
68
inguin/o
groin
69
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
70
pelv/i
pelvis
71
pelv/o
pelvis
72
spin/o
spine
73
thorac/o
chest
74
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
75
albin/o
white
76
leuk/o
white
77
chlor/o
green
78
chrom/o
color
79
cirrh/o
yellow
80
jaund/o
yellow
81
xanth/o
yellow
82
cyan/o
blue
83
erythr/o
red
84
melan/o
black
85
poli/o
gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)
86
acr/o
extremity
87
eti/o
cause
88
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
89
morph/o
form, shape, structure
90
path/o
disease
91
radi/o
radiation, x-ray, radius ( lower arm bone on thumb side)
92
somat/o
body
93
son/o
sound
94
tom/o
to cut
95
viscer/o
internal organs
96
xer/o
dry
97
-genesis
forming, producing, origin
98
-gnosis
knowing
99
-gram
record, writing
100
-graph
instrument for recording
101
-graphy
process of recording
102
-logist
specialist in the study of
103
-logy
study of
104
-meter
instrument for measuring
105
-metry
act if measuring
106
-pathy
disease
107
ab-
from, away from
108
ad-
toward
109
hetero-
different
110
homeo-
same, alike
111
infra-
below, under
112
peri-
around
113
super-
upper, above
114
trans-
across, through
115
ultra-
excess, beyond
116
Stable internal environment
homeostatsis
117
When homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
disease
118
Objective indicators that are observable
signs
119
A subject indicator of disease
Symptom (Sx)
120
The study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder
Etiology
121
Establishing the cause and nature of a disease
Diagnosis (Dx)
122
The prediction of the course of a disease and its probably outcome
prognosis
123
Any disease whose cause is unknown is said to be
idiopathic
124
Complication that arise directly from a disease, injury, or treatment
Sequelae
125
Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
Adhesion
126
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
acites
127
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces
edema
128
Pertaining to a fever, also called pyretic
febrile
129
Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma, or infection
gangrene
130
Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
hernia
131
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain and, sometimes, loss of function
inflammation
132
Any fungal infection in or on the body
mycosis
133
Hole that completely penetrates a structure
perforation
134
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs
peritonitis
135
Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
rupture
136
Pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream
sepsis
137
Producing or associated with the generation of us
Suppuration
138
Delivery of fluids directly in the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders; also called IV therapy
Infusion therapy
139
Removal of part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
Abalation
140
Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
Anastomosis
141
Destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals
cauterize
142
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)
curettage
143
Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity
incision and drainage (I&D)
144
Use of a high intensity laser light beam ti remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding blood vessels, or for cosmetic purposes
laser surgery
145
Removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue
Resection
146
Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery
revision
147
Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient
assessment techniques
148
General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas
inspection
149
Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
palpation
150
Tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure
percussion
151
Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
auscultation
152
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
endoscopy
153
Lab test, usually performed on serum, to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range
blood chemistry analysis
154
Panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other disease
complete blood count (CBC)
155
Series of blood tests used to evaluate a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel)
organ- disease panel
156
Imaging technology in which an x-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles; formerly called computerized axial tomography
computed tomography (CT)
157
Technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion
fluoroscopy
158
Technique that uses radio waves and strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed mutiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
159
Technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures
nuclear scan
160
Computed tomography records the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
161
Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray
radiography
162
Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
163
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
ultrasonography (US)
164
Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
Biopsy (bx)
165
Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
excisional
166
Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
incisional
167
AP
Anteroposterior
168
Bx, bx
biopsy
169
CBC
Complete blood count
170
CT
Computed tomography
171
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
172
Dx
diagnosis
173
I&D
incision & drainage
174
LAT, lat
lateral
175
LLQ
Lower Left Quadrant
176
LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
