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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

cytology

A

they study of the body at the cellular levell

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1
Q

The 3 main parts of a cell

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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2
Q

jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients is called

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

nucleus

A

responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
carries the genetic blueprint of the organism
blueprint found in DNA
When the cell is ready to divide, chromatin forms chromosomes

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4
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity

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5
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermis of the skin.
  • Composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers
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7
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Supports and connects other tissues and organs

- Made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.

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8
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Provides contractile tissue

- responsible for movement.

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9
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
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10
Q

Chromatin

A

Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of DNA that carries hereditary information encoded in genes

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12
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

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13
Q

diaphragm

A

Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.

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15
Q

organelle

A

Cellular structure that provides a specialized function

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16
Q

Organ

A
  • Body structures that perform specialized functions

- Composed of two or more tissue types

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17
Q

System

A
  • Composed of varying numbers of organs and accessary structures that have similar or related functions.
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18
Q

Organism

A
  • The highest level of organization

- A complete living entity capable of independent existence

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19
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • Used to locate anatomical parts or divisions

- Body standing erect and the face forward, the arms by the sides, with the palms facing forward

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20
Q

Plane

A
  • An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections
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21
Q

Body cavaties

A
  • Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
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22
Q

dorsal body cavity

A
  • (posterior) including the cranial and spinal cavaties
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23
Q

ventral body cavity

A
  • (anterior) includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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24
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

(median)

Right and left halves

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25
Q

Coronal plane

A

(frontal)

Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects

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26
Q

Transverse plane

A

(horizontal)

Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects

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27
Q

How many quadrants is the abdominalelvic cavity divided into

A

4

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28
Q

How many regions is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into

A

9

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29
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts

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30
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body

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31
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the midline of the body structure

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32
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to a side

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33
Q

Superior (cephalad)

A

Toward the head or upper portion of a structure

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34
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

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35
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the center ( trunk of the body) r to the point of attachment to the body

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36
Q

Distal

A

Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment

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37
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Front of the body

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38
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back of the body

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39
Q

Parietal

A

Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

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40
Q

Visceral

A

Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

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41
Q

Prone

A

Lying on the abdomen, face down

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42
Q

Supine

A

Lying horizontally on the back, face up

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43
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inward or inside out

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44
Q

Eversion

A

Turning outward

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45
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

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46
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

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47
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body (external)

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48
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body (internal)

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49
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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50
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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51
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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52
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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53
Q

anter/o

A

anterior, front

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54
Q

caud/o

A

tail

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55
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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56
Q

dist/o

A

far, farther

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57
Q

dors/o

A

back (of body)

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58
Q

infer/o

A

side, to one side

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59
Q

medi/o

A

middle

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60
Q

poster/o

A

back (of body), behind, posterior

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61
Q

proxim/o

A

near, nearest

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62
Q

ventr/o

A

belly, belly side

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63
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

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64
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

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65
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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66
Q

gastro/o

A

stomach

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67
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral, flaring portion or hip bone)

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68
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

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69
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

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70
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

71
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis

72
Q

spin/o

A

spine

73
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

74
Q

umbilic/o

A

umbilicus, navel

75
Q

albin/o

A

white

76
Q

leuk/o

A

white

77
Q

chlor/o

A

green

78
Q

chrom/o

A

color

79
Q

cirrh/o

A

yellow

80
Q

jaund/o

A

yellow

81
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

82
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

83
Q

erythr/o

A

red

84
Q

melan/o

A

black

85
Q

poli/o

A

gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)

86
Q

acr/o

A

extremity

87
Q

eti/o

A

cause

88
Q

idi/o

A

unknown, peculiar

89
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

90
Q

path/o

A

disease

91
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray, radius ( lower arm bone on thumb side)

92
Q

somat/o

A

body

93
Q

son/o

A

sound

94
Q

tom/o

A

to cut

95
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

96
Q

xer/o

A

dry

97
Q

-genesis

A

forming, producing, origin

98
Q

-gnosis

A

knowing

99
Q

-gram

A

record, writing

100
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

101
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

102
Q

-logist

A

specialist in the study of

103
Q

-logy

A

study of

104
Q

-meter

A

instrument for measuring

105
Q

-metry

A

act if measuring

106
Q

-pathy

A

disease

107
Q

ab-

A

from, away from

108
Q

ad-

A

toward

109
Q

hetero-

A

different

110
Q

homeo-

A

same, alike

111
Q

infra-

A

below, under

112
Q

peri-

A

around

113
Q

super-

A

upper, above

114
Q

trans-

A

across, through

115
Q

ultra-

A

excess, beyond

116
Q

Stable internal environment

A

homeostatsis

117
Q

When homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively

A

disease

118
Q

Objective indicators that are observable

A

signs

119
Q

A subject indicator of disease

A

Symptom (Sx)

120
Q

The study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder

A

Etiology

121
Q

Establishing the cause and nature of a disease

A

Diagnosis (Dx)

122
Q

The prediction of the course of a disease and its probably outcome

A

prognosis

123
Q

Any disease whose cause is unknown is said to be

A

idiopathic

124
Q

Complication that arise directly from a disease, injury, or treatment

A

Sequelae

125
Q

Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

A

Adhesion

126
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

A

acites

127
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces

A

edema

128
Q

Pertaining to a fever, also called pyretic

A

febrile

129
Q

Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma, or infection

A

gangrene

130
Q

Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

A

hernia

131
Q

Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain and, sometimes, loss of function

A

inflammation

132
Q

Any fungal infection in or on the body

A

mycosis

133
Q

Hole that completely penetrates a structure

A

perforation

134
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs

A

peritonitis

135
Q

Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

A

rupture

136
Q

Pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream

A

sepsis

137
Q

Producing or associated with the generation of us

A

Suppuration

138
Q

Delivery of fluids directly in the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders; also called IV therapy

A

Infusion therapy

139
Q

Removal of part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)

A

Abalation

140
Q

Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

A

Anastomosis

141
Q

Destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals

A

cauterize

142
Q

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)

A

curettage

143
Q

Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity

A

incision and drainage (I&D)

144
Q

Use of a high intensity laser light beam ti remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding blood vessels, or for cosmetic purposes

A

laser surgery

145
Q

Removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue

A

Resection

146
Q

Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

A

revision

147
Q

Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient

A

assessment techniques

148
Q

General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

A

inspection

149
Q

Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

A

palpation

150
Q

Tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure

A

percussion

151
Q

Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

A

auscultation

152
Q

Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

A

endoscopy

153
Q

Lab test, usually performed on serum, to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range

A

blood chemistry analysis

154
Q

Panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other disease

A

complete blood count (CBC)

155
Q

Series of blood tests used to evaluate a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel)

A

organ- disease panel

156
Q

Imaging technology in which an x-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles; formerly called computerized axial tomography

A

computed tomography (CT)

157
Q

Technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

A

fluoroscopy

158
Q

Technique that uses radio waves and strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed mutiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

159
Q

Technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures

A

nuclear scan

160
Q

Computed tomography records the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease.

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

161
Q

Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray

A

radiography

162
Q

Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

A

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

163
Q

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

A

ultrasonography (US)

164
Q

Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

A

Biopsy (bx)

165
Q

Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed

A

excisional

166
Q

Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed

A

incisional

167
Q

AP

A

Anteroposterior

168
Q

Bx, bx

A

biopsy

169
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count

170
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

171
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

172
Q

Dx

A

diagnosis

173
Q

I&D

A

incision & drainage

174
Q

LAT, lat

A

lateral

175
Q

LLQ

A

Lower Left Quadrant

176
Q

LUQ

A

Left Upper Quadrant

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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