Chapter 6 Flashcards
0
Q
Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed
A
bolus
1
Q
Orange- yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells to form billirubin and eventually excreted in the feces
A
bilirubin
2
Q
Gland that secretes its product through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
A
exocrine
3
Q
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
A
sphincter
4
Q
Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
A
triglycerides
5
Q
Play an important role in initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food
A
Teeth
6
Q
Mechanically breaking down food
A
mastication
7
Q
The main structure of the tooth located beneath the enamel
A
detin
8
Q
The inner most part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels
A
pulp
9
Q
gingiva
A
gums
10
Q
Assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing
A
tongue
11
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
12
Q
Rough projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds
A
papillae
13
Q
2 structures on the roof of the mouth
A
hard palate (anterior) soft palate (posterior)
14
Q
pharynx
A
throat
15
Q
soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure in the back of the throat
A
uvula
16
Q
The lowest portion of the pharynx divides into 2 tubes called
A
trachea- leads to the lungs
esophagus- leads to the stomach
17
Q
folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus
A
epiglottis
18
Q
A saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, serves as a food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion
A
stomach
19
Q
the first part of the small intestine
A
duodenum
20
Q
The terminal portion of the esophagus composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach. Prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus.
A
Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
21
Q
The upper portion of the stomach
A
fundus
22
Q
The funnel shaped terminal portion of the stomach where most digestion takes place
A
pylorus
23
Q
The interior lining of the stomach is composed of mucous membranes and contains numerous macroscopic folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills
A
rugae
24
The stomach turns bolus into a semiliquid form called
chyme
25
Chyme leaves the stomach through the ________ which also regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow
pyloric sphincter
26
Food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions called
peristalsis
27
Small Intestine
```
- 20 ft long
3 parts:
- duodeum- uppermost part, 10 in
- jejunum- 8 ft
- ileum- 12 ft
```
28
Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of additional enzymes and secretions from the
pancreas and liver
29
Nutrients in chyme are absorbed through microscopic, fingerlike projections called
villi
30
This valve allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body
ileocecal valve
31
Large intestine
- 5 ft
- begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus
- No digestion
3 parts
- cecum
- colon
- rectum
32
Projecting downward from the cecum is a wormlike structure called the
appendix
33
colon
- main function is to absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
- Divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
34
The largest glandular organ in the body, weighs 3-4 lbs.
Liver
35
Functions of the liver
- Produces bile
- Removes glucose from the blood
- storing vitamins
- destroying and transforming toxic products
- maintaining normal glucose levels in the blood
- destroying old erythrocytes and releases bilirubin
- synthesizes proteins that circulate in the blood
36
An endocrine gland that secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Pancreas
37
Saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver that serves as a storage are for bile
Gallbladder
38
When bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder releases it into the duodenum through the
common bile duct
39
Bile it drained from the liver through the _________ and _________ which also come together to form the hepatic duct
right hepatic duct
| left hepatic duct
40
Merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum
cystic duct
41
or/o
mouth
42
stomat/o
mouth
43
gloss/o
tongue
44
lingu/o
tongue
45
bucc/o
cheek
46
cheil/o
lip
47
labi/o
lip
48
dent/o
teeth
49
odont/o
teeth
50
gingiv/o
gum(s)
51
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
52
esophag/o
esophagus
53
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
54
gastr/o
stomach
55
pylor/o
pylorus
56
duoden/o
duodenum
57
enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
58
jejun/o
jejunum (second part of small intestine)
59
ile/o
ileum (third part of small intestine)
60
append/o
appendix
61
appendic/o
appendix
62
col/o
colon
63
colon/o
colon
64
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
65
rect/o
rectum
66
proct/o
anus, rectum
67
an/o
anus
68
hepat/o
liver
69
pancreat/o
pancreas
70
cholangi/o
bile vessel
71
chol/e
bile, gall
72
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
73
choledoch/o
bile duct
74
-emesis
vomit
75
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
76
-megaly
enlargement
77
-orexia
appetite
78
-pepsia
digestion
79
-phagia
swallowing
| eating
80
-prandial
meal
81
-rrhea
discharge
| flow
82
dia-
through
| across
83
peri-
around
84
sub-
under
| below
85
asymptomatic
do not manifest symptoms
86
The branch of medicine concerned with digestive disease
Gastroenterology
87
The physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of digestive disorders
Gastroenterologist
88
A circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
ulcer
89
A common cause of peptic ulcer disease is the erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with
H. pylori bacteria
90
perforation
hole
91
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
92
A chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward into the entire colon
Ulcerative colitis
93
A protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall f the cavity in which it is naturally contained
hernia
94
protrusions of abdominal organs
viscera
95
A hernia that develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
Inguinal hernia
96
If the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure _______ may develop leading to necrosis with gangrene
strangulated hernia
97
Hernias that occur in newborns
congenital hernia
98
surgical repair of a hernia
hernioplasty
99
suture of the abdominal wall
herniorrhaphy
100
The lower part of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slides through an opening in the diaphragm into the thorax
hiatal hernia
101
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
102
The 2 types of intestinal obstruction which can be either partial or complete
mechanical and nonmechanical
103
adhesions
scar tissue
104
volvolus
intestinal twisting
105
part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it
intussusceptions
106
Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal
hemorrhoids
107
surgical removal of the hemorrhoids
hemorrhoidectomy
108
An inflammatory condition of the liver
Hepatitis
109
Hepatitis A
- Infectious hepatitis
| - Common causes- ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk
110
Hepatitis B
- Serum Hepatitis
- Common causes- blood transfusions, sexual contact
- Vaccine available
111
Hepatitis C
- Common causes- blood transfusions, sexual contact
- No vaccine
- May remain asymptomatic for years
- Can produce mild flu like symptoms
112
A condition in which small, blister like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall.
Diverticulosis
113
Symptoms of diverticulitis include
- pain in the LLQ of the abdomen
- extreme constipation or diarrhea
- fever
- abdominal swelling
- occasional blood in bowel movements
114
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
anorexia
115
Inflammation o fthe appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
appendicitis
116
Abnormal accumulation o fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease
ascites
117
Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
borborygmus
118
Physical wasting that includes loss of weight an muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer
cachexia
119
Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
cholelithiasis
120
Scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease
cirrhosis
121
Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
colic
122
Form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis
Crohn disease
123
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea
dysentery
124
Inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia
dysphagia
125
Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching
eructation
126
Fecal concretion
fecalith
127
Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
flatus
128
Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
129
Foul-smelling breath
halitosis
130
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
hematemesis
131
Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
132
Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
malabsorption syndrome
133
Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presece of blood altered by intestinal juices
melena
134
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the bodys skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
obesity
135
Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight
morbid obesity
136
Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
obstipation
137
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
oral leukoplakia
138
Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract
peristalsis
139
Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
Pyloric stenosis
140
Backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
Regurgitation
141
Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
Steatorrhea
142
Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
nasogastric intubation
143
Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
anastomosis
144
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
ileorectal
145
Surgical connection of 2 portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy
intestinal
146
Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems
bariatric surgery
147
Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
colostomy
148
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
lithotripsy
149
Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
150
Excision of a polyp
polyectomy
151
Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
pyloromyotomy
152
Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors
gastrointestinal endoscopy
153
Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus- hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV)- that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
hepatitis panel
154
Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract
Liver function tests (LFTs)
155
Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
serum bilirubin
156
Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection
stool culture
157
Test that applies a substances called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult
stool guaiac
158
Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
computed tomography (CT)
159
Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema
lower gastrointestinal series
160
Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
oral cholecystography (OCG)
161
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
162
Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts
sialography
163
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
ultrasonography (US)
164
Combines endoscopy and ultrasound to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs
endoscopic
165
Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow
upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)
166
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
167
Ba
barium
168
BaE, BE
barium enema
169
BM
bowel movement
170
BMI
body mass index
171
CT
computed tomography
172
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy lithotripsy
173
ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave
174
EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)
175
GBS
gallbladder series
176
GER
gastroesophageal reflux disease
177
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux
178
GI
gastrointestinal
179
HAV
hepatitis A virus
180
HBV
hepatitis B virus
181
HCV
hepatitis C virus
182
HDV
hepatitis D virus
183
HEV
hepatitis E virus
184
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
185
LFT
liver function test
186
MRCP
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
187
NG
nasogastric
188
OCG
oral cholecystography
189
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
190
R/O
rule out
191
RGB
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
192
stat
immediately
193
UGIS
upper gastrointestinal series
194
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
