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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed

A

bolus

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1
Q

Orange- yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells to form billirubin and eventually excreted in the feces

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

Gland that secretes its product through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

A

exocrine

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3
Q

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

A

sphincter

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4
Q

Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

Play an important role in initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food

A

Teeth

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6
Q

Mechanically breaking down food

A

mastication

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7
Q

The main structure of the tooth located beneath the enamel

A

detin

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8
Q

The inner most part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels

A

pulp

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9
Q

gingiva

A

gums

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10
Q

Assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing

A

tongue

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11
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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12
Q

Rough projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds

A

papillae

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13
Q

2 structures on the roof of the mouth

A 
hard palate (anterior)
soft palate (posterior)
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14
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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15
Q

soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure in the back of the throat

A

uvula

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16
Q

The lowest portion of the pharynx divides into 2 tubes called

A

trachea- leads to the lungs

esophagus- leads to the stomach

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17
Q

folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus

A

epiglottis

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18
Q

A saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, serves as a food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion

A

stomach

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19
Q

the first part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

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20
Q

The terminal portion of the esophagus composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach. Prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus.

A

Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

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21
Q

The upper portion of the stomach

A

fundus

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22
Q

The funnel shaped terminal portion of the stomach where most digestion takes place

A

pylorus

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23
Q

The interior lining of the stomach is composed of mucous membranes and contains numerous macroscopic folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills

A

rugae

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24
Q

The stomach turns bolus into a semiliquid form called

A

chyme

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25
Q

Chyme leaves the stomach through the ________ which also regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow

A

pyloric sphincter

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26
Q

Food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions called

A

peristalsis

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27
Q

Small Intestine

A 
- 20 ft long
3 parts: 
- duodeum- uppermost part, 10 in
- jejunum- 8 ft
- ileum- 12 ft
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28
Q

Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of additional enzymes and secretions from the

A

pancreas and liver

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29
Q

Nutrients in chyme are absorbed through microscopic, fingerlike projections called

A

villi

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30
Q

This valve allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body

A

ileocecal valve

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31
Q

Large intestine

A
  • 5 ft
  • begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus
  • No digestion
    3 parts
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
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32
Q

Projecting downward from the cecum is a wormlike structure called the

A

appendix

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33
Q

colon

A
  • main function is to absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
  • Divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
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34
Q

The largest glandular organ in the body, weighs 3-4 lbs.

A

Liver

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35
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  • Produces bile
  • Removes glucose from the blood
  • storing vitamins
  • destroying and transforming toxic products
  • maintaining normal glucose levels in the blood
  • destroying old erythrocytes and releases bilirubin
  • synthesizes proteins that circulate in the blood
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36
Q

An endocrine gland that secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

A

Pancreas

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37
Q

Saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver that serves as a storage are for bile

A

Gallbladder

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38
Q

When bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder releases it into the duodenum through the

A

common bile duct

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39
Q

Bile it drained from the liver through the _________ and _________ which also come together to form the hepatic duct

A

right hepatic duct

left hepatic duct

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40
Q

Merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum

A

cystic duct

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41
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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42
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

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43
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

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44
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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45
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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46
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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47
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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48
Q

dent/o

A

teeth

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49
Q

odont/o

A

teeth

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50
Q

gingiv/o

A

gum(s)

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51
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland

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52
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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53
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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54
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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55
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

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56
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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57
Q

enter/o

A

intestine (usually small intestine)

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58
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum (second part of small intestine)

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59
Q

ile/o

A

ileum (third part of small intestine)

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60
Q

append/o

A

appendix

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61
Q

appendic/o

A

appendix

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62
Q

col/o

A

colon

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63
Q

colon/o

A

colon

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64
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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65
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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66
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum

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67
Q

an/o

A

anus

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68
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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69
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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70
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile vessel

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71
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

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72
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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73
Q

choledoch/o

A

bile duct

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74
Q

-emesis

A

vomit

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75
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

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76
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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77
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

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78
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

79
Q

-phagia

A

swallowing

eating

80
Q

-prandial

A

meal

81
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge

flow

82
Q

dia-

A

through

across

83
Q

peri-

A

around

84
Q

sub-

A

under

below

85
Q

asymptomatic

A

do not manifest symptoms

86
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with digestive disease

A

Gastroenterology

87
Q

The physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of digestive disorders

A

Gastroenterologist

88
Q

A circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

A

ulcer

89
Q

A common cause of peptic ulcer disease is the erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with

A

H. pylori bacteria

90
Q

perforation

A

hole

91
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

92
Q

A chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward into the entire colon

A

Ulcerative colitis

93
Q

A protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall f the cavity in which it is naturally contained

A

hernia

94
Q

protrusions of abdominal organs

A

viscera

95
Q

A hernia that develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs

A

Inguinal hernia

96
Q

If the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure _______ may develop leading to necrosis with gangrene

A

strangulated hernia

97
Q

Hernias that occur in newborns

A

congenital hernia

98
Q

surgical repair of a hernia

A

hernioplasty

99
Q

suture of the abdominal wall

A

herniorrhaphy

100
Q

The lower part of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slides through an opening in the diaphragm into the thorax

A

hiatal hernia

101
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

102
Q

The 2 types of intestinal obstruction which can be either partial or complete

A

mechanical and nonmechanical

103
Q

adhesions

A

scar tissue

104
Q

volvolus

A

intestinal twisting

105
Q

part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it

A

intussusceptions

106
Q

Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal

A

hemorrhoids

107
Q

surgical removal of the hemorrhoids

A

hemorrhoidectomy

108
Q

An inflammatory condition of the liver

A

Hepatitis

109
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • Infectious hepatitis

- Common causes- ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk

110
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • Serum Hepatitis
  • Common causes- blood transfusions, sexual contact
  • Vaccine available
111
Q

Hepatitis C

A
  • Common causes- blood transfusions, sexual contact
  • No vaccine
  • May remain asymptomatic for years
  • Can produce mild flu like symptoms
112
Q

A condition in which small, blister like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall.

A

Diverticulosis

113
Q

Symptoms of diverticulitis include

A
  • pain in the LLQ of the abdomen
  • extreme constipation or diarrhea
  • fever
  • abdominal swelling
  • occasional blood in bowel movements
114
Q

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

A

anorexia

115
Q

Inflammation o fthe appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection

A

appendicitis

116
Q

Abnormal accumulation o fluid in the abdominal cavity, most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease

A

ascites

117
Q

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

A

borborygmus

118
Q

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight an muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer

A

cachexia

119
Q

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

A

cholelithiasis

120
Q

Scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease

A

cirrhosis

121
Q

Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

A

colic

122
Q

Form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis

A

Crohn disease

123
Q

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea

A

dysentery

124
Q

Inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia

A

dysphagia

125
Q

Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching

A

eructation

126
Q

Fecal concretion

A

fecalith

127
Q

Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

A

flatus

128
Q

Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

129
Q

Foul-smelling breath

A

halitosis

130
Q

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

A

hematemesis

131
Q

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon

A

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

132
Q

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

A

malabsorption syndrome

133
Q

Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presece of blood altered by intestinal juices

A

melena

134
Q

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the bodys skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

A

obesity

135
Q

Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight

A

morbid obesity

136
Q

Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

A

obstipation

137
Q

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

A

oral leukoplakia

138
Q

Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract

A

peristalsis

139
Q

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

A

Pyloric stenosis

140
Q

Backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

A

Regurgitation

141
Q

Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

A

Steatorrhea

142
Q

Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

A

nasogastric intubation

143
Q

Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

A

anastomosis

144
Q

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

A

ileorectal

145
Q

Surgical connection of 2 portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy

A

intestinal

146
Q

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems

A

bariatric surgery

147
Q

Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

A

colostomy

148
Q

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

A

lithotripsy

149
Q

Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

A

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

150
Q

Excision of a polyp

A

polyectomy

151
Q

Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

pyloromyotomy

152
Q

Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors

A

gastrointestinal endoscopy

153
Q

Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus- hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV)- that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

A

hepatitis panel

154
Q

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract

A

Liver function tests (LFTs)

155
Q

Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

A

serum bilirubin

156
Q

Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

A

stool culture

157
Q

Test that applies a substances called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult

A

stool guaiac

158
Q

Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

A

computed tomography (CT)

159
Q

Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema

A

lower gastrointestinal series

160
Q

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

A

oral cholecystography (OCG)

161
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a noninvasive manner

A

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

162
Q

Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts

A

sialography

163
Q

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

A

ultrasonography (US)

164
Q

Combines endoscopy and ultrasound to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs

A

endoscopic

165
Q

Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow

A

upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)

166
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

167
Q

Ba

A

barium

168
Q

BaE, BE

A

barium enema

169
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

170
Q

BMI

A

body mass index

171
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

172
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy lithotripsy

173
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock-wave

174
Q

EUS

A

endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)

175
Q

GBS

A

gallbladder series

176
Q

GER

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

177
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux

178
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

179
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

180
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

181
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

182
Q

HDV

A

hepatitis D virus

183
Q

HEV

A

hepatitis E virus

184
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

185
Q

LFT

A

liver function test

186
Q

MRCP

A

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

187
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

188
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystography

189
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

190
Q

R/O

A

rule out

191
Q

RGB

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

192
Q

stat

A

immediately

193
Q

UGIS

A

upper gastrointestinal series

194
Q

US

A

ultrasound; ultrasonography

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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