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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Integumentary system

A

made up of the skin and accessory organs ( hair, nails, and glands)

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1
Q

the largest organ in the body

A

skin also called integument

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2
Q

Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone and androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics

A

Androgen

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3
Q

Very small duct

A

ductule

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4
Q

State in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements

A

synthesize

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6
Q

The 2 layers of the skin are

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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7
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Relatively thin over most areas but thickest on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
  • Composed of several sublayers called strata
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8
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Located in the basal layer

- produce black pigment called melanin

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9
Q

albino

A
  • An individual who cannot produce melanin

- Has marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.

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10
Q

Dermis

A
  • The second layer of the skin
  • Also called corium
  • Lies directly beneath the epidermis
  • Composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings
  • Also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands
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11
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A
  • Also called the hypodermis
  • Binds the dermis to the underlying structures
  • Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue interlaced with blood vessels
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12
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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13
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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14
Q

steat/o

A

fat

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15
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

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16
Q

dermat/o

A

skin

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17
Q

derm/o

A

skin

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18
Q

hidr/o

A

sweat

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19
Q

sudor/o

A

sweat

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20
Q

ichthy/o

A

dry, scaly

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21
Q

Kerat/o

A

horny tissue, hard; cornea

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22
Q

melan/o

A

black

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23
Q

myc/o

A

fungus (plural, fungi)

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24
Q

onych/o

A

nail

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25
Q

ungu/o

A

nail

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26
Q

pil/o

A

hair

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27
Q

trich/o

A

hair

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28
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of the eye)

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29
Q

seb/o

A

sebum, sebaceous

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30
Q

squam/o

A

scale

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31
Q

xen/o

A

foreign, strange

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32
Q

xer/o

A

dry

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33
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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34
Q

-derma

A

skin

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35
Q

-logist

A

specialist in the study of

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36
Q

-logy

A

study of

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37
Q

-therapy

A

treatment

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38
Q

an-

A

without, not

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39
Q

dia-

A

through, across

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40
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

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41
Q

homo-

A

same

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42
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above normal

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43
Q

sub-

A

under, below

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44
Q

The medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin.

A

Dermatology

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45
Q

The physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases

A

dermatologist

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46
Q

Areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection

A

Lesions

47
Q

Affects tissue over an area of definite size

A

localized

48
Q

wide spread throughout the body

A

systemic

49
Q

First degree (superficial) burns

A
  • Are the least serious
  • Injure only the top layers of the skin, the epidermis
  • Caused by thermal, chemical, or sunburn
  • Generally blisters do not form and no scaring
50
Q

Second degree (partial thickness) burn

A
  • Deep burns that damage the epidermis and dermis
  • May be caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals
  • fluid filled blisters
  • May heal with little to no scaring
51
Q

Third degree (full- thickness) burns

A
  • Epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some underlying connective tissue is damaged
  • leaves skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch
  • may be caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity, or extremely hot objects; immersion of body in hot water, or clothes catching fire
  • Ulcerating wounds and scaring, skin grafting is commonly required
52
Q

Grade and stage tumors to help in diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a possible prognosis, and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used

A

Pathologist

53
Q

Cells from the tumor site are evaluated to determine the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function (anaplasia)

A

Tumor grading

54
Q

The most common system used for staging tumors. An international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers.

A
  • Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM)
  • T: size and invasiveness of the primary tumor
  • N: area lymph nodes involved
  • M: invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor
55
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • Most common type of skin cancer
  • Malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles
  • Commonly caused by overexposure to sunlight
  • locally invasive but rarely metastasize
56
Q

Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection

A

Abscess

57
Q

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea

A

Acne

58
Q

Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anti cancer medication, or a skin disease

A

Alopecia

59
Q

Form of intra epidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis

A

Bowen disease

60
Q

Diffuse widespread acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

Cellulitis

61
Q

Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots

A

Chloasma

62
Q

Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

A

Comedo

63
Q

Infection of the skin caused by fungi

A

Dermatomycosis

64
Q

Skin discoloration consisting of large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-blacktop greenish brown or yellow.

A

Ecchymosis

65
Q

Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching

A

Eczema

66
Q

Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

A

Erythema

67
Q

Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn

A

Eschar

68
Q

Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

A

Impetigo

69
Q

Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)

A

Keratosis

70
Q

Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms , brought on by sun exposure, usually in middle aged or older people

A

Lentigo

71
Q

Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin

A

Pallor

72
Q

Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear

A

Pediculosis

73
Q

Minute pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

A

petechia

74
Q

Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons

A

pressure ulcer

75
Q

Intense itching

A

pruritus

76
Q

Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

A

psoriasis

77
Q

Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissue particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae

A

purpura

78
Q

Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

A

scabies

79
Q

Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected

A

Tinea

80
Q

Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

A

Urticaria

81
Q

Epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts. Types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts

A

verruca

82
Q

Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

A

vitiligo

83
Q

Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chembrasion

A

chemical peel

84
Q

Use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue

A

cryosurgery

85
Q

Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents

A

debridement

86
Q

Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis

A

dermabrasion

87
Q

Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesication

A

fulguration

88
Q

Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys cells

A

photodynamic therapy (PDT)

89
Q

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination

A

Biopsy

90
Q

Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

A

frozen section (fs) biopsy

91
Q

Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

A

needle biopsy

92
Q

Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

A

punch biopsy

93
Q

Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade

A

shave biopsy

94
Q

Layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains

A

Mohs

95
Q

Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

A

skin graft

96
Q

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft

A

allograft

97
Q

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual

A

autograft

98
Q

Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

A

synthetic graft

99
Q

Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft

A

xenograft

100
Q

Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it

A

Allergy skin test

101
Q

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction

A

intradermal

102
Q

Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch with is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic reaction

A

Patch skin test

103
Q

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture or prick test

A

Scratch skin test

104
Q

Laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area (such as an ulcer, wound, or pus from an infection) in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium and then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs

A

culture & sensitivity (C&S)

105
Q

BCC

A

Basal cell carcinoma

106
Q

C&S

A

Culture and sensitivity

107
Q

CA

A

Cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

108
Q

FS

A

Frozen section

109
Q

ID

A

intradermal

110
Q

I&D

A

incision and drainage

111
Q

IMP

A

impression (synonymous with diagnosis)

112
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

113
Q

TNM

A

tumor-node-metastasis

114
Q

ung

A

ointment

115
Q

XP, XDP

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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