Chapter 5 Flashcards
Integumentary system
made up of the skin and accessory organs ( hair, nails, and glands)
the largest organ in the body
skin also called integument
Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone and androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics
Androgen
Very small duct
ductule
State in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment
homeostasis
Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements
synthesize
The 2 layers of the skin are
Epidermis and Dermis
Epidermis
- Relatively thin over most areas but thickest on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
- Composed of several sublayers called strata
Melanocytes
- Located in the basal layer
- produce black pigment called melanin
albino
- An individual who cannot produce melanin
- Has marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.
Dermis
- The second layer of the skin
- Also called corium
- Lies directly beneath the epidermis
- Composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings
- Also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands
Subcutaneous layer
- Also called the hypodermis
- Binds the dermis to the underlying structures
- Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue interlaced with blood vessels
adip/o
fat
lip/o
fat
steat/o
fat
cutane/o
skin
dermat/o
skin
derm/o
skin
hidr/o
sweat
sudor/o
sweat
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
Kerat/o
horny tissue, hard; cornea
melan/o
black
myc/o
fungus (plural, fungi)
onych/o
nail
ungu/o
nail
pil/o
hair
trich/o
hair
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous
squam/o
scale
xen/o
foreign, strange
xer/o
dry
-cyte
cell
-derma
skin
-logist
specialist in the study of
-logy
study of
-therapy
treatment
an-
without, not
dia-
through, across
epi-
above, upon
homo-
same
hyper-
excessive, above normal
sub-
under, below
The medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin.
Dermatology
The physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases
dermatologist
Areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
Lesions
Affects tissue over an area of definite size
localized
wide spread throughout the body
systemic
First degree (superficial) burns
- Are the least serious
- Injure only the top layers of the skin, the epidermis
- Caused by thermal, chemical, or sunburn
- Generally blisters do not form and no scaring
Second degree (partial thickness) burn
- Deep burns that damage the epidermis and dermis
- May be caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals
- fluid filled blisters
- May heal with little to no scaring
Third degree (full- thickness) burns
- Epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some underlying connective tissue is damaged
- leaves skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch
- may be caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity, or extremely hot objects; immersion of body in hot water, or clothes catching fire
- Ulcerating wounds and scaring, skin grafting is commonly required
Grade and stage tumors to help in diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a possible prognosis, and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used
Pathologist
Cells from the tumor site are evaluated to determine the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function (anaplasia)
Tumor grading
The most common system used for staging tumors. An international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers.
- Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM)
- T: size and invasiveness of the primary tumor
- N: area lymph nodes involved
- M: invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
- Most common type of skin cancer
- Malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles
- Commonly caused by overexposure to sunlight
- locally invasive but rarely metastasize
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection
Abscess
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea
Acne
Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anti cancer medication, or a skin disease
Alopecia
Form of intra epidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis
Bowen disease
Diffuse widespread acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Cellulitis
Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots
Chloasma
Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
Comedo
Infection of the skin caused by fungi
Dermatomycosis
Skin discoloration consisting of large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-blacktop greenish brown or yellow.
Ecchymosis
Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching
Eczema
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
Erythema
Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn
Eschar
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Impetigo
Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)
Keratosis
Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms , brought on by sun exposure, usually in middle aged or older people
Lentigo
Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
Pallor
Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear
Pediculosis
Minute pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
petechia
Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons
pressure ulcer
Intense itching
pruritus
Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
psoriasis
Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissue particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae
purpura
Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
scabies
Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected
Tinea
Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives
Urticaria
Epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts. Types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts
verruca
Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
vitiligo
Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chembrasion
chemical peel
Use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue
cryosurgery
Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
debridement
Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis
dermabrasion
Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesication
fulguration
Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys cells
photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination
Biopsy
Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
frozen section (fs) biopsy
Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
needle biopsy
Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch
punch biopsy
Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade
shave biopsy
Layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains
Mohs
Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site
skin graft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft
allograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
autograft
Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
synthetic graft
Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft
xenograft
Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it
Allergy skin test
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction
intradermal
Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch with is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic reaction
Patch skin test
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture or prick test
Scratch skin test
Laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area (such as an ulcer, wound, or pus from an infection) in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium and then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs
culture & sensitivity (C&S)
BCC
Basal cell carcinoma
C&S
Culture and sensitivity
CA
Cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
FS
Frozen section
ID
intradermal
I&D
incision and drainage
IMP
impression (synonymous with diagnosis)
IV
Intravenous
TNM
tumor-node-metastasis
ung
ointment
XP, XDP
xeroderma pigmentosum
