Chapter 15 Flashcards
efferent
carry or move away from a central structure
afferent
carry or move inward toward a central structure
ventricle
organ chamber or cavity that recieves or holds fluid
cerebr/o
cerebrum
crani/o
cranium
skull
encephal/o
brain
gangli/o
ganglion
knot or knotlike mass
gli/o
glue
neuroglial tissue
kinesi/o
movement
lept/o
thin
slender
lex/o
word
phrase
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
myel/o
bone marrow
spinal cord
narc/o
stupor
numbness
sleep
neur/o
nerve
radicul/o
nerve root
sthen/o
strength
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath
usually refers to meninges
ton/o
tension
ventricul/o
ventricle
of the heart or brain
-algesia, -algia
pain
-asthenia
weakness
debility
-esthesia
feeling
-kinesia
movement
-lepsy
seizure
-paresis
partial paralysis
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis
-taxia
order
coordination
pachy-
thick
para-
near
beside
beyond
syn-
union
together
joined
uni-
one
agnosia
inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact
asthenia
weakness
disability
or loss of strength
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
closed head trauma
Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
coma
abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli
concussion
injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of trauma to the head
convulsion
broad term that refers to cognitive deficit including memory impairment
dyslexia
inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
Guillain-Barre syndrome
autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
herpes zoster
acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face
also called shingles
huntington chorea
inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
acquired hydrocephalus
develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease
congenital hydrocephalus
caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities
lethargy
abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
anencephaly
congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing
spina bifida
congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord) which fails to close during fetal development
also called neural tube defect
meningocele spina bifida
the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
myelomeningocele spina bifida
most severe form in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
occulta spina bifida
form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
palsy
paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
Bell palsy
facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve
cerebral palsy
type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and sometimes speech and learning ability
paralysis
loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
hemiplegia paralysis
paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke
also called unilateral paralysis
paraplegia paralysis
paralysis of both lower limbs
typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord
quadriplegia
paralysis of both arms and legs
commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction
paresthesia
sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity an paralysis
reye syndrome
acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver, and, possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes
syncope
brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by temporay decrease of blood flow to the brain
also called fainting
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
electromyography (EMG)
recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage
lumbar puncture (LP)
needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected
also called a spinal puncture and spinal tap
nerve conduction velocity
test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
cryosurgery
technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
precisely focused (stereotactic radiation beams are used to treat tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column and other body sites, and delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances
tractotomy
transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord
trephination
technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
ventriculoperitoneal shunting
relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from teh ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
lab test to examine a sample of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
angiography
radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium also called arteriography
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
angiography in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution three-dimensional vascular images of the blood vessels
discography
CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with teh spine and spinal nerve root
echoencephalography
Ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
magnetic source imaging (MSI)
Noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection
also called MEG
Myelography
radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium
positron emission tomography (PET)
computed tomography that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
AD
Alzheimer disease
ADHD
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography
CTA
computed tomography angiography
CVA
cerevrovascular accident
EEG
electroencephalography
EMG
electromyography
ICP
intracranial pressure
LOC
loss of consciousness
LP
lumbar puncture
MEG
magnetoencephalography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
musculoskeletal
multiple sclerosis
mental status
mitral stenosis
MSI
magnetic source imaging
NCV
nerve conduction velocity
PET
positron emission tomography
PNS
peripheral nervous system
SRS
stereotactic radiosurgery
TIA
transient ischemic attack
kinesi/o
movement
myel/o
spinal cord
-lepsy
seizure
encephal/o
brain
cerebr/o
cerebrum
crani/o
cranium
skull
neur/o
nerve
myel/o
bone marrow
spinal cord
psych/o
mind
clonic
phase of the grand mal seizure characterized by uncontrolled jerking of the body
autism
mental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and abnormal absorption in fantasy
NCV
tests the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
cryosurgery
technique that uses extreme cold to destroy tissue
TIA
stroke whose symptoms resolve in about 24 hours
thalamotomy
surgical treatment for intractable pain
involuntary movements, including tremors in parkinson disease or emotional disturbances
tractotomy
transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord
trephination
incision of a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
sciatica
pain that radiates down the nerve
osteophyte
bone spur
