Chapter 9 Flashcards
red blood cells
erythrocytes
Connective tissue composed of a liquid medium in which solid components are suspended
plasma
white blood cells
leukocytes
platelets
thrrombocytes
embryonic
blastic
The development of blood cells to their mature form
hematopoiesis
hemotopoiesis
red cell development
erythropoiesis
A specialized iron-containing compound that gives red blood cells their red color
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called an antigen
antibody (Ab)
Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual
antigen
Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver
bile pigment
Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells
cytokine
Ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them
immunocompetent
Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercellular fluids to leak out
natural killer (NK) cells
WBCs migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules, and enter tissue spaces by a process called
diapedesis
red acidic dye
eosin
alkaline
basic
_______ contain granules that stain a pale lilac color
Neutrophils
_________ contain granules that stain red because of their affinity for the red acid dye eosin
Eosinophils
_______ contain granules that stain dark purple because of their affinity for the purple alkaline (basic) dye
Basophils
The main function of basophils is to release _______ and ________ at sites of injury
histamines
heparin
_______ arise in the bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissue.
Agranulocytes
Unlike granulocytes that typically have lobed nuclei, agranulocytes have nuclei that do not form lobes. They are called
mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs)
Lymphocytes include
B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
The smallest formed elements found in blood
platelets or thrombocytes
Control of bleeding
hemostasis
A substance released by injured tissue that initiates clot formation
thromboplastin
a soluble blood protein
fibrinogen
The jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin
thrombus or blood clot
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
plasma proteins
Fluid in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended
lymph
a network of transporting vessels
lymph vessels
As whole blood circulates a small amount of plasma seeps from blood capillaries this fluid is called
interstitial or tissue fluid
closed ended microscopic vessels
lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join the
right lymphatic duct
The right lymphatic duct drains into the
right subclavian vein
Lymph from different areas throughout the body enters the _________ and drains into the __________
thoracic duct
left subclavian vein
__________ resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents.
spleen
_______ is located in the upper part of the chest
thymus
_______ are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx. The act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens
tonsils
Numerous body defenses that work together to protect against disease
resistance
Forms of resistance present at birth are said to be
innate
The most complicated type of body resistance develops after birth in an immunocompetent individual. This type of immunity is a lifelong monitoring system that remains vigilant to disease causing microbes and other potentially dangerous substances
Acquired immunity
After a brief stay in the vascular system, monocytes enter tissue spaces and become highly phagcytic
macrophages
2 types of _______, B cells and T cells, are the active cells of the adaptive immune response
Lymphocytes
________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered a cell
Humoral immunity
B cells produce a clone of cells called ______ that produce highly specific proteins called _______
plasma cells
antibodies
If an antibody encounters its matching antigen, it attaches to it and forms
antigen antibody complex
_________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens, such as viruses and cancer cells
Cellular immunity
________ is the cell that actually destroys the invading agent
cytotoxix T cell
________ is essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity.
helper T cell
chemical messengers called _______ activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most of the other components of the immune system.
cytokines
________ monitors the progression of infection
suppressor T cell
__________ find their way to the lymph system and remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat if the antigen reappears.
memory T cells
aden/o
gland
agglutin/o
clumping
gluing
bas/o
base (alkaline, opposite of acid)
blast/o
embryonic
chrom/o
color
eosin/o
dawn
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granule
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
immun/o
immune
immunity
safe
kary/o, nucle/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
lymphaden/o
lymph gland (node)
lymph/o
lymph
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
morph/o
form
shape
structure
myel/o
bone marrow
spinal cord
neutr/o
neutral
neither
phag/o
formation
growth
poikil/o
varied
irregular
reticulo
net
mesh
ser/o
serum
sider/o
iron
splen/o
spleen
thromb/o
blood clot
thym/o
thymus gland
xen/o
foreign
strange
-blast
embryonic
cell
-emia
blood
condition
-globin
protein
-graft
transplantation
-osis
abnormal condition
increase (used primarily with blood cells)
-penia
decrease
deficiency
-phil
attraction for
-phoresis
carring
transmission
-phylaxis
protection
-poiesis
formation
production
-stasis
standing still
a-
without
not
allo-
other
differing from normal
aniso-
unequal
dissimilar
iso-
same
equal
macro-
large
micro-
small
mono-
one
poly-
many
much
The branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
Hematology
The physician who specializes in the branch of hemotology medicine
hemotologist
The branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune disease, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system.
Allergy and immunology
A deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood
Anemia
excessive blood loss
hemorrhagic anemia
excessive blood cell destruction
hemolytic anemia
decreased blood formation within bone marrow
aplastic anemia
difficulty breathing
dyspnea
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat
pallor
paleness
hypotension
low blood pressure
Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure and resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
Aplastic (hypoplastic)
Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) due to the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis
Folic-acid deficiency anemia
Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice
Hemolytic
Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs
Iron-deficiency anemia
Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 due to lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development
Pernicious anemia
Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent or sickle shaped when oxygen levels are low
sickle cell anemia
An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, which slowly destroys the immune system
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals
opportunistic infections
when the immune system becomes weak
immunocompromised
Kaposi sarcoma
a neoplastic disorder
An acquired abnormal immune response
allergy
initial exposure
sensitization
urticaria
hives
indurated
hardened
An immunotherapy treatment to desensitize the patient and reduce the reaction of the patient to the offending allergen
allergy shot
The failure of the body to distinguish accurately between “self” and “nonself”
Autoimmunity
affect many organs and tissues
multisystemic
A chronic, progressive autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the voluntary muscles of the body causing sporadic weakness
Myasthenia gravis
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
exacerbations
flare-up
remissions
latency
An abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body
Edema
Decrease in the blood protein level
hypoproteinemia
limited to a specific area
localized
Medication that promotes urination
diuretics
A hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired
Hemophilia
bleeder’s disease
A deficiency in clotting factor VIII
hemophilia A
A deficiency in clotting factor IX
hemophilia B
hematomas
blood seepage
blood enters a joint
hemarthrosis
Infectious mononucleosis
one of the acute infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
gingivitis
gum infection
enlarged liver
hepatomegaly
enlarged spleen
splenomegaly
An oncological disorder of the blood forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth of blood cells
Leukemia
proliferation
overgrowth
blastic
highly embryonic
A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes
Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin lymphoma
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
A malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue
Kaposi sarcoma
Abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissue
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue
graft rejection
Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe enough to cause death
graft-versus-host
Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel
hematoma
Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
hemoglobinopathy
Any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels
lymphedema
Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in bone marrow
multiple myeloma
Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood
sepsis
Widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation
systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations
thrombocythemia
Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver
thrombocytopenia
Bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a “sticky” protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation
Von Willebrand disease
Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the bodys natural immune mechanisms to treat disease
Immunotherapy
Injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for sever allergies
allergy injections
Use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease
biological
Removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspirating needle for microscopic examination
bone marrow aspiration
Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers
bone marrow transplant
Infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation
autologous
Infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation
homologous
Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue
lymphadenectomy
Removal of the fist node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells
sentinel node excision
Infusion of blood or blood products form one person (donor) to another person (recipient)
transfusion
Test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individuals own body cells (auto-antibodies)
antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
blood culture
Series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white cell counts, platelet count; and differential (diff)count; also called hemogram
complete blood count (CBC)
Non specific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein- Barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis
monospot
Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot
prothrombin time (PT)
Test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract
shilling test
Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma
bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system
lymphangiography
Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node
lymphoscintigraphy
AB, Ab, ab
antibody
abortion
A, B, AB, O
blood types in ABO blood group
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
ANA
antinuclear antibody
APC
antigen-presenting cell
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
BMT
bone marrow transplant
CBC
complete blood count
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML
chronic myelogenous leukemia
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
diff
differential count (white blood cell count
DVT
deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
GVHID
graft-versus-host disease
eos
eosinophil (type of white blood cell)
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
Igs
immunoglobulins
MNL
mononuclear leukocytes
NK cell
natural killer cell
PCP
primary care physician
pneumonia
PMN
polymorphonuclear
PMNL, poly
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
PT
prothrombin time
physical therapy
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
RA
right atrium
rheumatoid arthritis
RBC, rbc
red blood cell
segs
segmented neutrophils
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
WBC, wbc
white blood cell
