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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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1
Q

Connective tissue composed of a liquid medium in which solid components are suspended

A

plasma

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2
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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3
Q

platelets

A

thrrombocytes

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4
Q

embryonic

A

blastic

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5
Q

The development of blood cells to their mature form

A

hematopoiesis

hemotopoiesis

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6
Q

red cell development

A

erythropoiesis

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7
Q

A specialized iron-containing compound that gives red blood cells their red color

A

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

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8
Q

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called an antigen

A

antibody (Ab)

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9
Q

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

A

antigen

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10
Q

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

A

bile pigment

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11
Q

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

A

cytokine

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12
Q

Ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them

A

immunocompetent

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13
Q

Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercellular fluids to leak out

A

natural killer (NK) cells

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14
Q

WBCs migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules, and enter tissue spaces by a process called

A

diapedesis

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15
Q

red acidic dye

A

eosin

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16
Q

alkaline

A

basic

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17
Q

_______ contain granules that stain a pale lilac color

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

_________ contain granules that stain red because of their affinity for the red acid dye eosin

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

_______ contain granules that stain dark purple because of their affinity for the purple alkaline (basic) dye

A

Basophils

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20
Q

The main function of basophils is to release _______ and ________ at sites of injury

A

histamines

heparin

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21
Q

_______ arise in the bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissue.

A

Agranulocytes

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22
Q

Unlike granulocytes that typically have lobed nuclei, agranulocytes have nuclei that do not form lobes. They are called

A

mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs)

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23
Q

Lymphocytes include

A

B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

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24
Q

The smallest formed elements found in blood

A

platelets or thrombocytes

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25
Q

Control of bleeding

A

hemostasis

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26
Q

A substance released by injured tissue that initiates clot formation

A

thromboplastin

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27
Q

a soluble blood protein

A

fibrinogen

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28
Q

The jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin

A

thrombus or blood clot

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29
Q

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

A

plasma proteins

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30
Q

Fluid in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended

A

lymph

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31
Q

a network of transporting vessels

A

lymph vessels

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32
Q

As whole blood circulates a small amount of plasma seeps from blood capillaries this fluid is called

A

interstitial or tissue fluid

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33
Q

closed ended microscopic vessels

A

lymph capillaries

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34
Q

Lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join the

A

right lymphatic duct

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35
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains into the

A

right subclavian vein

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36
Q

Lymph from different areas throughout the body enters the _________ and drains into the __________

A

thoracic duct

left subclavian vein

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37
Q

__________ resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents.

A

spleen

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38
Q

_______ is located in the upper part of the chest

A

thymus

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39
Q

_______ are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx. The act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens

A

tonsils

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40
Q

Numerous body defenses that work together to protect against disease

A

resistance

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41
Q

Forms of resistance present at birth are said to be

A

innate

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42
Q

The most complicated type of body resistance develops after birth in an immunocompetent individual. This type of immunity is a lifelong monitoring system that remains vigilant to disease causing microbes and other potentially dangerous substances

A

Acquired immunity

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43
Q

After a brief stay in the vascular system, monocytes enter tissue spaces and become highly phagcytic

A

macrophages

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44
Q

2 types of _______, B cells and T cells, are the active cells of the adaptive immune response

A

Lymphocytes

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45
Q

________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered a cell

A

Humoral immunity

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46
Q

B cells produce a clone of cells called ______ that produce highly specific proteins called _______

A

plasma cells

antibodies

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47
Q

If an antibody encounters its matching antigen, it attaches to it and forms

A

antigen antibody complex

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48
Q

_________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens, such as viruses and cancer cells

A

Cellular immunity

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49
Q

________ is the cell that actually destroys the invading agent

A

cytotoxix T cell

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50
Q

________ is essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity.

A

helper T cell

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51
Q

chemical messengers called _______ activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most of the other components of the immune system.

A

cytokines

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52
Q

________ monitors the progression of infection

A

suppressor T cell

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53
Q

__________ find their way to the lymph system and remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat if the antigen reappears.

A

memory T cells

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54
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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55
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping

gluing

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56
Q

bas/o

A

base (alkaline, opposite of acid)

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57
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic

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58
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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59
Q

eosin/o

A

dawn

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60
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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61
Q

granul/o

A

granule

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62
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood

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63
Q

immun/o

A

immune
immunity
safe

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64
Q

kary/o, nucle/o

A

nucleus

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65
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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66
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland (node)

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67
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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68
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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69
Q

morph/o

A

form
shape
structure

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70
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

spinal cord

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71
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral

neither

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72
Q

phag/o

A

formation

growth

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73
Q

poikil/o

A

varied

irregular

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74
Q

reticulo

A

net

mesh

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75
Q

ser/o

A

serum

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76
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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77
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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78
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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79
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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80
Q

xen/o

A

foreign

strange

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81
Q

-blast

A

embryonic

cell

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82
Q

-emia

A

blood

condition

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83
Q

-globin

A

protein

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84
Q

-graft

A

transplantation

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85
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

increase (used primarily with blood cells)

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86
Q

-penia

A

decrease

deficiency

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87
Q

-phil

A

attraction for

88
Q

-phoresis

A

carring

transmission

89
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

90
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

production

91
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

92
Q

a-

A

without

not

93
Q

allo-

A

other

differing from normal

94
Q

aniso-

A

unequal

dissimilar

95
Q

iso-

A

same

equal

96
Q

macro-

A

large

97
Q

micro-

A

small

98
Q

mono-

A

one

99
Q

poly-

A

many

much

100
Q

The branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

A

Hematology

101
Q

The physician who specializes in the branch of hemotology medicine

A

hemotologist

102
Q

The branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune disease, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system.

A

Allergy and immunology

103
Q

A deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood

A

Anemia

104
Q

excessive blood loss

A

hemorrhagic anemia

105
Q

excessive blood cell destruction

A

hemolytic anemia

106
Q

decreased blood formation within bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

107
Q

difficulty breathing

A

dyspnea

108
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat

109
Q

pallor

A

paleness

110
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

111
Q

Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure and resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

A

Aplastic (hypoplastic)

112
Q

Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) due to the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis

A

Folic-acid deficiency anemia

113
Q

Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice

A

Hemolytic

114
Q

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

115
Q

Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 due to lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development

A

Pernicious anemia

116
Q

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent or sickle shaped when oxygen levels are low

A

sickle cell anemia

117
Q

An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, which slowly destroys the immune system

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

118
Q

infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals

A

opportunistic infections

119
Q

when the immune system becomes weak

A

immunocompromised

120
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

a neoplastic disorder

121
Q

An acquired abnormal immune response

A

allergy

122
Q

initial exposure

A

sensitization

123
Q

urticaria

A

hives

124
Q

indurated

A

hardened

125
Q

An immunotherapy treatment to desensitize the patient and reduce the reaction of the patient to the offending allergen

A

allergy shot

126
Q

The failure of the body to distinguish accurately between “self” and “nonself”

A

Autoimmunity

127
Q

affect many organs and tissues

A

multisystemic

128
Q

A chronic, progressive autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the voluntary muscles of the body causing sporadic weakness

A

Myasthenia gravis

129
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

130
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

131
Q

exacerbations

A

flare-up

132
Q

remissions

A

latency

133
Q

An abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body

A

Edema

134
Q

Decrease in the blood protein level

A

hypoproteinemia

135
Q

limited to a specific area

A

localized

136
Q

Medication that promotes urination

A

diuretics

137
Q

A hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired

A

Hemophilia

bleeder’s disease

138
Q

A deficiency in clotting factor VIII

A

hemophilia A

139
Q

A deficiency in clotting factor IX

A

hemophilia B

140
Q

hematomas

A

blood seepage

141
Q

blood enters a joint

A

hemarthrosis

142
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

one of the acute infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

143
Q

gingivitis

A

gum infection

144
Q

enlarged liver

A

hepatomegaly

145
Q

enlarged spleen

A

splenomegaly

146
Q

An oncological disorder of the blood forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth of blood cells

A

Leukemia

147
Q

proliferation

A

overgrowth

148
Q

blastic

A

highly embryonic

149
Q

A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes

A

Hodgkin disease

Hodgkin lymphoma

150
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

151
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

152
Q

A malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue

A

Kaposi sarcoma

153
Q

Abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissue

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

154
Q

Process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue

A

graft rejection

155
Q

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe enough to cause death

A

graft-versus-host

156
Q

Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel

A

hematoma

157
Q

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

A

hemoglobinopathy

158
Q

Any disease of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

159
Q

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

A

lymphedema

160
Q

Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in bone marrow

A

multiple myeloma

161
Q

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood

A

sepsis

162
Q

Widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation

A

systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)

163
Q

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations

A

thrombocythemia

164
Q

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

A

thrombocytopenia

165
Q

Bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a “sticky” protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation

A

Von Willebrand disease

166
Q

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the bodys natural immune mechanisms to treat disease

A

Immunotherapy

167
Q

Injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for sever allergies

A

allergy injections

168
Q

Use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease

A

biological

169
Q

Removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspirating needle for microscopic examination

A

bone marrow aspiration

170
Q

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers

A

bone marrow transplant

171
Q

Infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation

A

autologous

172
Q

Infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation

A

homologous

173
Q

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue

A

lymphadenectomy

174
Q

Removal of the fist node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

A

sentinel node excision

175
Q

Infusion of blood or blood products form one person (donor) to another person (recipient)

A

transfusion

176
Q

Test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individuals own body cells (auto-antibodies)

A

antinuclear antibody (ANA)

177
Q

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

A

blood culture

178
Q

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white cell counts, platelet count; and differential (diff)count; also called hemogram

A

complete blood count (CBC)

179
Q

Non specific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein- Barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis

A

monospot

180
Q

Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors

A

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

181
Q

Test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot

A

prothrombin time (PT)

182
Q

Test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract

A

shilling test

183
Q

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma

A

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

184
Q

Visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system

A

lymphangiography

185
Q

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

A

lymphoscintigraphy

186
Q

AB, Ab, ab

A

antibody

abortion

187
Q

A, B, AB, O

A

blood types in ABO blood group

188
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

189
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

190
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody

191
Q

APC

A

antigen-presenting cell

192
Q

APTT

A

activated partial thromboplastin time

193
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

194
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

195
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

196
Q

CML

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

197
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

198
Q

diff

A

differential count (white blood cell count

199
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis

200
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

201
Q

GVHID

A

graft-versus-host disease

202
Q

eos

A

eosinophil (type of white blood cell)

203
Q

Hb, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

204
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

205
Q

Igs

A

immunoglobulins

206
Q

MNL

A

mononuclear leukocytes

207
Q

NK cell

A

natural killer cell

208
Q

PCP

A

primary care physician

pneumonia

209
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear

210
Q

PMNL, poly

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

211
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

physical therapy

212
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

213
Q

RA

A

right atrium

rheumatoid arthritis

214
Q

RBC, rbc

A

red blood cell

215
Q

segs

A

segmented neutrophils

216
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

217
Q

WBC, wbc

A

white blood cell

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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