Chapter 7 Flashcards
Co2
Carbon dioxide
O2
Oxygen
Ventilation
Breathing
pH
Acidity/alkalinity
A chamber lined with mucous membranes and cilia
Nasal cavity
Tiny hairs in nose
Cilia
Vertical partition of cartilage that divides the nose into left and right sides
Nasal septum
Pharynx
Throat
3 sections of the nose
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Adenoids
Pharyngeal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
- Commonly known as tonsils
- located in oropharynx
Larynx
Voice box
Contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible
Epiglottis
Leaf shaped structure on top of the larynx
Seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing
Trachea
Windpipe
2 branches that the trachea divides into
Called bronchi and one branch leads to left lung and the other right lung
Mucous membrane (mucosa)
Make up the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi
Embedded with cilia
Bronchioles
Bronchus divided into smaller and smaller branches
Alveoli
At the end of the bronchioles
Tiny air sacs
Pulmonary capillaries
Lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli
Mediastinum
The space between the right and left lungs
Pleura
Covers the lobes of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura
The membrane lying closest to the lung
Parietal pleura
The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Diaphragm
Large muscular partition
Lies between the chest and abdominal cavities
Inspiration
Drawing air into the lungs
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism
Carbon dioxide CO2
Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
cartilage
To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
diffuse
Moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment
Mucous membrane
mucosa
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
oxygen (O2)
Symbol that indicates degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
pH
Wall dividing 2 cavaties
septum
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist
serous membrane
serosa
air that leaves the lungs
expiration
Involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Pulmonary ventilation
breathing
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
external respiration
Occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system, transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to the body
transportation of respiratory gases
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries
Internal respirationq
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
sept/o
septum
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
adenoid/o
adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsils
pharyng/o
pharynx
throat
laryng/o
larynx
voice box
trache/o
trachea
wind pipe
bronchi/o
bronchus
bronch/o
bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus
air sac
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o
air
lung
pneumon/o
air
lung
pulmon/o
lung
anthrac/o
coal
coal dust
atel/o
incomplete
imperfect
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
lob/o
lobe
orth/o
straight
ox/i
oxygen
ox/o
oxygen
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
chest
phren/o
diaphragm
mind
spir/o
breathe
-capnia
carbon dioxide (CO2)
-osmia
smell
-phonia
voice
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-thorax
chest
brady-
slow
dys-
bad
painful
difficult
eu-
good
normal
tachy-
rapid
Medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system
pulmonology
The physician who treats respiratory system disorders
pulmonologist
Spasms produced by asthma in the bronchial passages
bronchospasms
Coughing episodes that produce large amounts of mucus
productive cough
flare-ups
exacerbations
Agents that loosen and break down mucus
mucolytics
medications that expand the bronchi
bronchodilators
Inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution
chronic bronchitis
Bronchodilators and medications that aid in the removal of mucus and help widen air passages
expectorants
A disease that is characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli
Emphysema
Most emphysema sufferers find it easier to breathe when sitting upright or standing erect
orthopnea
An acute infectious respiratory viral disease
Influenza (flu)
worldwide epidemics
pandemics
muscle pain
myalgia
Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal pleura
pleural effusion
Listening to sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope
Auscultation
Gentle tapping on the chest with fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of underlying structures
Percussion
Noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein
transudate
Usually high in protein and commonly contains blood and immune cells
exudate
pleural effusion serum
hydrothorax
pleural effusion pus
empyema
pyothorax
pleural effusion blood
hemothorax
pleural space
pneumothorax
Surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bone needle
thoracocentesis
thoracentesis
A communicable disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB)
Droplets of respiratory secretions
droplet nuclei
keeps it alive
viable
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
The first time the TB organism enters the body
primary tuberculosis
TB eventually produces typical inflammatory nodules
granulomas
granulomas that encase the organism
tubercles
When the immune system becomes impaired
immunocompromised
using several antibioltics
combination therapy
Any inflammatory disease of the lung
Pneumonia
Potentially fatal pneumonia may result from food or liquid inhalation
aspiration pneumonias
pneumonias that affect only one lobe of the lung
lobar pneumonia
more diffuse pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
spitting of blood
hemoptysis
lung tissue looses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged
consolidation
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Organisms that reside in or on most people
normal flora
When the immune system begins to fail, this organism becomes infectious
opportunistic
bronchial washings
lavage
A hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus
viscous
Medications in the form of mists
aerosols
Important diagnostic test that measures the amount of salt excreted in sweat
sweat test
Condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient
Acute Respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Major infections that affect the entire body
systemic infections
Major infection that affect the blood
sepsis
Alveoli fill with fluid
edema
HMD
Hyaline membrane disease
a form of respiratory distress syndrome
IRDS
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
A phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open
surfactant
nares
nostrils
cyanosis
blueness
tachypnea
rapid breathing
Membrane that has a ground-glass appearance
hyaline membrane
A malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree
Lung cancer
bronchogenic carcinoma
Metastasize
spread
Excessive acidity of body fluids
acidosis
Absence of the sense of smell
anosmia
Temporary loss of breathing
apnea
sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation
sleep apnea
Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
asphyxia
Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung
atelectasis
Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration: first deeply, then shallow, then not at all
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called head cold or upper respiratory infection (URI)
Coryza
Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli
crackle
Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes, lungs
croup
CROOP
Displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and, sometimes, nosebleed
deviated nasal septum
Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age
epiglottitis
Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed
epistaxis
Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes commonly associated with pulmonary disease
finger clubbing
Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood; usually a sign of respiratory impairment
hypoxemia
Oxygen deficiency in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment
hypoxia
Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound; also called whooping cough
pertussis
Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis
pleurisy
Disease caused by inhaling dust particles
pneumoconiosis
Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissue and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure
pulmonary edema
Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter
pulmonary embolism
Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation of an obstructed airway
rhonchus
High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
stridor
Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
wheeze
Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways
aerosol therapy
Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with know sinusitis that has failed medical management
antral lavage
Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen
oximetry
pulse oximetry
Test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera
polysomngraphy
Method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs
postural drainage
Variety of tests used to evaluate respiratory function, the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane
pulmonary function test (PFTs)
PFT that measures the breathing capacity of the lungs, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air
spirometry
Procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway
endotracheal intubation
Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura
pleurectomy
Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer
pneumectomy
Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
septoplasty
Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity
thoracentesis
pleurocentesis
Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
tracheostomy
Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen
Mantoux test
Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor
bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
mediastinoscopy
Test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
arterial blood gas (ABG)
Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
sputum culture
Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat
sweat test
Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A strtococci
throat culture
Minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries
computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
Nuclear test scan that evaluates both airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs
ventilation-profusion (V-Q) scan
ABG
arterial blood gas
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CA
cancer
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CT
computed tomography
CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
CXR
chest x-ray
chest radiograph
DPI
dry powder inhaler
DPT
diptheria
pertussis
tetanus
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
NMT
nebulized mist treatment
PA
posteroanterior
pernicious anemia
Pco2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PCP
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
primary care physician
PFT
pulmonary function test
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
RD
respiratory distress
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
T&A
tonsillextomy and adenoidectomy
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
