Chapter 10 Flashcards
Place of union between two or more bones; also called a joint
articulation
Any body part attached to a main structure
appendage
Latticelike arrangement of bony plates occurring at the ends of long bones
cancellous
Ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles
cruciate ligaments
Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
hematopoiesis
contractile cells that provide movement of an organ or body part
fibers
Muscles whose action is under voluntary control
Skeletal muscle or voluntary muscle or striated muscles
Muscle found only in the heart, involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Muscles whose actions are involuntary, found in visceral organs, walls of arteries and respiratory passages, and urinary and reproductive ducts
Smooth muscle
In ________ muscle fibers arise directly from bone
fleshy attachments
In __________ the connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum
fibrous attachments
When the fibrous attachment spans a large area of a bone the attachment is called an
aponeurosis
When connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap it is called a
tendon
Flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains and are one of the principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint
ligament
Adduction
moves closer to the midline
Abduction
Moves away from the midline
Flexion
decreases the angle of a joint
Extension
increases the angle of a joint
Rotation
moves a bone around its own axis
pronation
turns the palm down
supination
turns the palm up
Inversion
moves the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
moves the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion
elevates the foot
plantar flexion
lowers the foot (points the toes)
produce blood cells within bone marrow
hematopoiesis
cube shaped
consist of a core of spongy bone
enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone
short bone
include the bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes
irregular bones
provide a broad surface for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs
flat bones
found in the appendages (extremities) of the body, such as the legs, arms, and fingers
long bones
the shaft, or long, main portion of a bone. Consists of compact bone that forms a cylinder and surrounds a central canal called the medullary cavity.
diaphysis
cavity that contains fatty yellow marrow in adults and consists primarily of fat cells and a few scattered blood cells
medullary cavity or marrow cavity
A type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints
articular cartilage
surrounded by a layer of compact bone, within it is red bone marrow
spongy bone
A dense, white, fibrous membrane, that covers the remaining surface of the bone
periosteum
In growing bones, the inner layer that contains the bone forming cells
osteoblasts
Eight bones that enclose and protect the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium
cranium (skull)
incomplete bone formation
soft spot
bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull and the roof of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs
frontal bone
______ bone that is situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone
parietal bone
________ bone forms the back and base of the skull
occipital bone
Two ________ one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium
temporal bones
mandible
lower jaw bone
mastication
chewing
hard palate
roof of the mouth
If the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth what congenital defect forms
cleft palate
ankyl/o
stiffness
bent
crooked
arthr/o
joint
kyph/o
humpback
lamin/o
lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
lord/o
curve
swayback
myel/o
bone marrow
spinal cord
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
ped/o, ped/i
foot
child
scoli/o
crooked
bent
thorac/o
chest
acromi/o
acromion (projection of the scapula)
brachi/o
arm
calcane/o
calcaneum
heel bone
carp/o
carpus
wrist bone
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
dactyl/o
fingers
toes
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)
ischi/o
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelvis
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
pod/o
foot
pub/o
pelvis bone (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
radi/o
radiation, x-ray
radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
leiomy/o
smooth muscle (visceral)
muscul/o, my/o
muscle
rhabd/o
rod-shaped (striated muscle)
rhabdomy/o
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
chondr/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
fibr/o
fiber
fibrous tissue
synov/o
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
-asthenia
weakness
debility
-blast
embryonic cell
-clasia
to break
surgical fracture
-desis
binding fixation (of a bone or joint)
-physis
growth
-porosis
porous
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
-scopy
visual examination
a-
without
not
dys-
bad
painful
difficult
sub-
under
below
supra-
above
excessive
superior
syn-
union
together
joined
The branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
othopedics
The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
orthopedist
physician who specializes in treating joint disease
rheumatologist
A physician that maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves
doctor of osteopathy (DO)
A broken bone is called a
fracture
A fracture in which the bone is broken but no external wound exists
closed (simple) fracture
A fracture that involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture
open (compound) fracture
A fracture in which a broken bone has injured an internal organ
complicated fracture
A fracture with a bone that has broken or splintered into pieces
comminuted fracture
A fracture where the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone
impacted fracture
A fracture that occurs when the line of fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone
incomplete fracture
A fracture when the broken bone does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone; that is one side of the bone is broken and one side of the bone is bent
greenstick fracture
A fracture at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the wrist
colles fracture
A minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment
hairline fracture
A fracture usually caused by a disease process such as a neoplasm or osteoporosis
Pathological (spontaneous) fracture
An infection process that encompasses all bone components, including bone marrow
osteomyelitis
Bacteria that may travel in the bloodstream
bacteremia
sequestrum
to remove
surgery to remove something
sequestrectomy
IV
intravenously
orally
by mouth
A chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones
Paget disease
osteitis deformans
A common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in postmenopausal women.
osteoporosis
osteopenia
bone marrow density
3 common deviations of the spine
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left is called
scoliosis
An abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine is called
kyphosis
humpback
hunchback
An abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the lower portion of the spine is called
lordosis
swayback
An inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling and, commonly, changes in structure
arthritis
A systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
exacerbations
aggravations
The most common form of arthritis. It is a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of the bones wear down.
Osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Development of new bone growth
bone spur
osteophyte
crepitation
crackling sound
A metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood
Gout
gout arthritis
nephroliths
renal calculi
A genetic disease, characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue
Muscular dystrophy
The most common type of muscular dystrophy that affects children, boys more than girls and is transmitted as a sex-linked disease passed from mother to son
Duchenne dystrophy
A neuromuscular disorder, that causes fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups ( of the eyes, face and, sometimes, limbs). Characterized by destruction of the receptors in the synaptic region that respond to acetylcholine.
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Transmits nerve impulses
neurotransmitter
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
Malignancies that affect bone and arise from bone or bone tissue
primary bone cancer
Malignancies that arise in another region of the body and spread to bone
secondary bone cancer
metastasize
spread
Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system are called
sarcomas
What are the 3 major types of sarcomas
fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
_________ develops in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders
Fibrosarcoma
_______ develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs
Osteosarcoma
________ develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow. Usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs.
Ewing sarcoma
Stiffing and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion
ankylosis
Deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe (angulation) which may case tissue surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender
bunion (hallux valgus)
Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
lameness, limping
claudication
Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
contracture
Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together indicating a fracture or joint destruction
crepitaton
Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms
exacerbation
flare
Fluid-filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet
ganglion cyst
Effusion of blood into a joint cavity
hemarthrosis
Rupture of a vertebral disks center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs
herniated disk
Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
hypotonia
Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow
multiple myeloma
Perceived sensation following amputation of a limb that the limb still exists
phantom limb
Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
rickets
rachitis
Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
sequestrum
Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
spondylolisthesis
Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissue
spondylosis
Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete
sprain
Muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch
strain
Partial or incomplete dislocation
subluxation
Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side
talipes equinovarus
clubfoot
Use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons)
electromyography
Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position
reduction
Reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery
closed
Reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery
open reduction
Procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
bone immobilization
Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of paris or similar material
casting
Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
splinting
Bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture
traction
Partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or a circulatory disease
amputation
Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
arthrocentesis
Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
arthroclasia
Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor
arthroscopy
Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
bone grafting
Excision of bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
bursectomy
Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity
prosthesis fitting
Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prosthesis
revision surgery
Revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones, broken prostheses, and bone fractures occurring around the prostheses
bone revision surgery
Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
sequestrectomy
Excision of a synovial membrane
synovectomy
Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
total hip replacement
Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
arthrography
Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm
bone density test
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
discography
Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
lumbosacral spinal radiography
Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
myelography
Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide
scintigraphy
Scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone
bone scintigraphy
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
BE
barium enema
below the elbow
C1, C2, and so on
first cervical vertebrae, second cervical vertebrae, and so on
Ca
calcium
cancer
CDH
congenital dislocation of the hip
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DEXA,DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DJD
degenerative joint disease
DO
doctor of osteopathy
EMG
electromyography
Fx
fracture
HD
hemodialysis
hip disarticulation
hearing distance
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
herniated disk
HP
hemipelvectomy
IM
intramuscular
infectious mononucleosis
IS
intracostal space
IV
intravenous
L1, L2, and so on
first lumbar vertebra
second lumbar vertebra
and so on
LS
lumbosacral
MG
myasthenia gravis
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
musculoskeletal
multiple sclerosis
mental status
mitral stenosis
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
ORTH, ortho
orthopedics
P
phosphorus
pulse
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
right atrium
RF
rheumatoid factor
radio frequency
ROM
range of motion
S
shoulder diarticulation
THA
total hip arthroplasty
THR
total hip replacement
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
TKR
total knee replacement
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle
