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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Place of union between two or more bones; also called a joint

A

articulation

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1
Q

Any body part attached to a main structure

A

appendage

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2
Q

Latticelike arrangement of bony plates occurring at the ends of long bones

A

cancellous

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3
Q

Ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles

A

cruciate ligaments

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4
Q

Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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5
Q

contractile cells that provide movement of an organ or body part

A

fibers

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6
Q

Muscles whose action is under voluntary control

A

Skeletal muscle or voluntary muscle or striated muscles

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7
Q

Muscle found only in the heart, involuntary

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Muscles whose actions are involuntary, found in visceral organs, walls of arteries and respiratory passages, and urinary and reproductive ducts

A

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

In ________ muscle fibers arise directly from bone

A

fleshy attachments

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10
Q

In __________ the connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum

A

fibrous attachments

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11
Q

When the fibrous attachment spans a large area of a bone the attachment is called an

A

aponeurosis

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12
Q

When connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap it is called a

A

tendon

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13
Q

Flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains and are one of the principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint

A

ligament

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14
Q

Adduction

A

moves closer to the midline

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15
Q

Abduction

A

Moves away from the midline

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16
Q

Flexion

A

decreases the angle of a joint

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17
Q

Extension

A

increases the angle of a joint

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18
Q

Rotation

A

moves a bone around its own axis

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19
Q

pronation

A

turns the palm down

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20
Q

supination

A

turns the palm up

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21
Q

Inversion

A

moves the sole of the foot inward

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22
Q

Eversion

A

moves the sole of the foot outward

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23
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

elevates the foot

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24
Q

plantar flexion

A

lowers the foot (points the toes)

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25
Q

produce blood cells within bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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26
Q

cube shaped
consist of a core of spongy bone
enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone

A

short bone

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27
Q

include the bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes

A

irregular bones

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28
Q

provide a broad surface for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs

A

flat bones

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29
Q

found in the appendages (extremities) of the body, such as the legs, arms, and fingers

A

long bones

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30
Q

the shaft, or long, main portion of a bone. Consists of compact bone that forms a cylinder and surrounds a central canal called the medullary cavity.

A

diaphysis

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31
Q

cavity that contains fatty yellow marrow in adults and consists primarily of fat cells and a few scattered blood cells

A

medullary cavity or marrow cavity

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32
Q

A type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints

A

articular cartilage

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33
Q

surrounded by a layer of compact bone, within it is red bone marrow

A

spongy bone

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34
Q

A dense, white, fibrous membrane, that covers the remaining surface of the bone

A

periosteum

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35
Q

In growing bones, the inner layer that contains the bone forming cells

A

osteoblasts

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36
Q

Eight bones that enclose and protect the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium

A

cranium (skull)

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37
Q

incomplete bone formation

A

soft spot

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38
Q

bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull and the roof of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs

A

frontal bone

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39
Q

______ bone that is situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone

A

parietal bone

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40
Q

________ bone forms the back and base of the skull

A

occipital bone

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41
Q

Two ________ one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium

A

temporal bones

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42
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

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43
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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44
Q

hard palate

A

roof of the mouth

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45
Q

If the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth what congenital defect forms

A

cleft palate

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46
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiffness
bent
crooked

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47
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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48
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

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49
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

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50
Q

lord/o

A

curve

swayback

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51
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

spinal cord

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52
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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53
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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54
Q

ped/o, ped/i

A

foot

child

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55
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked

bent

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56
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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57
Q

acromi/o

A

acromion (projection of the scapula)

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58
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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59
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneum

heel bone

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60
Q

carp/o

A

carpus

wrist bone

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61
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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62
Q

cervic/o

A 
neck
cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
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63
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collar bone)

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64
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

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65
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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66
Q

dactyl/o

A

fingers

toes

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67
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bone)

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68
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

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69
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

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70
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

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71
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

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72
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

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73
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpus (hand bones)

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74
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsus (foot bones)

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75
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

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76
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

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77
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)

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78
Q

pod/o

A

foot

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79
Q

pub/o

A

pelvis bone (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

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80
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray

radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)

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81
Q

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

vertebrae (backbone)

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82
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breastbone)

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83
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

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84
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle (visceral)

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85
Q

muscul/o, my/o

A

muscle

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86
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shaped (striated muscle)

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87
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

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88
Q

chondr/o

A

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

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89
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

fibrous tissue

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90
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane

synovial fluid

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91
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon

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92
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

debility

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93
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

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94
Q

-clasia

A

to break

surgical fracture

95
Q

-desis

A 
binding
fixation (of a bone or joint)
96
Q

-physis

A

growth

97
Q

-porosis

A

porous

98
Q

-sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of connective tissue

99
Q

-scopy

A

visual examination

100
Q

a-

A

without

not

101
Q

dys-

A

bad
painful
difficult

102
Q

sub-

A

under

below

103
Q

supra-

A

above
excessive
superior

104
Q

syn-

A

union
together
joined

105
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

A

othopedics

106
Q

The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

A

orthopedist

107
Q

physician who specializes in treating joint disease

A

rheumatologist

108
Q

A physician that maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves

A

doctor of osteopathy (DO)

109
Q

A broken bone is called a

A

fracture

110
Q

A fracture in which the bone is broken but no external wound exists

A

closed (simple) fracture

111
Q

A fracture that involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture

A

open (compound) fracture

112
Q

A fracture in which a broken bone has injured an internal organ

A

complicated fracture

113
Q

A fracture with a bone that has broken or splintered into pieces

A

comminuted fracture

114
Q

A fracture where the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone

A

impacted fracture

115
Q

A fracture that occurs when the line of fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone

A

incomplete fracture

116
Q

A fracture when the broken bone does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone; that is one side of the bone is broken and one side of the bone is bent

A

greenstick fracture

117
Q

A fracture at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the wrist

A

colles fracture

118
Q

A minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment

A

hairline fracture

119
Q

A fracture usually caused by a disease process such as a neoplasm or osteoporosis

A

Pathological (spontaneous) fracture

120
Q

An infection process that encompasses all bone components, including bone marrow

A

osteomyelitis

121
Q

Bacteria that may travel in the bloodstream

A

bacteremia

122
Q

sequestrum

A

to remove

123
Q

surgery to remove something

A

sequestrectomy

124
Q

IV

A

intravenously

125
Q

orally

A

by mouth

126
Q

A chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones

A

Paget disease

osteitis deformans

127
Q

A common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in postmenopausal women.

A

osteoporosis

128
Q

osteopenia

A

bone marrow density

129
Q

3 common deviations of the spine

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

130
Q

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left is called

A

scoliosis

131
Q

An abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine is called

A

kyphosis
humpback
hunchback

132
Q

An abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the lower portion of the spine is called

A

lordosis

swayback

133
Q

An inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling and, commonly, changes in structure

A

arthritis

134
Q

A systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

135
Q

exacerbations

A

aggravations

136
Q

The most common form of arthritis. It is a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of the bones wear down.

A

Osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease (DJD)

137
Q

Development of new bone growth

A

bone spur

osteophyte

138
Q

crepitation

A

crackling sound

139
Q

A metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood

A

Gout

gout arthritis

140
Q

nephroliths

A

renal calculi

141
Q

A genetic disease, characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue

A

Muscular dystrophy

142
Q

The most common type of muscular dystrophy that affects children, boys more than girls and is transmitted as a sex-linked disease passed from mother to son

A

Duchenne dystrophy

143
Q

A neuromuscular disorder, that causes fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups ( of the eyes, face and, sometimes, limbs). Characterized by destruction of the receptors in the synaptic region that respond to acetylcholine.

A

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

144
Q

Transmits nerve impulses

A

neurotransmitter

145
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphagia

146
Q

Malignancies that affect bone and arise from bone or bone tissue

A

primary bone cancer

147
Q

Malignancies that arise in another region of the body and spread to bone

A

secondary bone cancer

148
Q

metastasize

A

spread

149
Q

Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system are called

A

sarcomas

150
Q

What are the 3 major types of sarcomas

A

fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma

151
Q

_________ develops in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders

A

Fibrosarcoma

152
Q

_______ develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs

A

Osteosarcoma

153
Q

________ develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow. Usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs.

A

Ewing sarcoma

154
Q

Stiffing and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

A

ankylosis

155
Q

Deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe (angulation) which may case tissue surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender

A

bunion (hallux valgus)

156
Q

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass

A

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

157
Q

lameness, limping

A

claudication

158
Q

Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

A

contracture

159
Q

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together indicating a fracture or joint destruction

A

crepitaton

160
Q

Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms

A

exacerbation

flare

161
Q

Fluid-filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

A

ganglion cyst

162
Q

Effusion of blood into a joint cavity

A

hemarthrosis

163
Q

Rupture of a vertebral disks center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs

A

herniated disk

164
Q

Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

A

hypotonia

165
Q

Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

A

multiple myeloma

166
Q

Perceived sensation following amputation of a limb that the limb still exists

A

phantom limb

167
Q

Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets

rachitis

168
Q

Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

A

sequestrum

169
Q

Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

A

spondylolisthesis

170
Q

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissue

A

spondylosis

171
Q

Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

A

sprain

172
Q

Muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch

A

strain

173
Q

Partial or incomplete dislocation

A

subluxation

174
Q

Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side

A

talipes equinovarus

clubfoot

175
Q

Use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons)

A

electromyography

176
Q

Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

A

reduction

177
Q

Reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

A

closed

178
Q

Reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery

A

open reduction

179
Q

Procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

A

bone immobilization

180
Q

Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of paris or similar material

A

casting

181
Q

Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

A

splinting

182
Q

Bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture

A

traction

183
Q

Partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or a circulatory disease

A

amputation

184
Q

Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

A

arthrocentesis

185
Q

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

A

arthroclasia

186
Q

Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

A

arthroscopy

187
Q

Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

A

bone grafting

188
Q

Excision of bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

A

bursectomy

189
Q

Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity

A

prosthesis fitting

190
Q

Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prosthesis

A

revision surgery

191
Q

Revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones, broken prostheses, and bone fractures occurring around the prostheses

A

bone revision surgery

192
Q

Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

A

sequestrectomy

193
Q

Excision of a synovial membrane

A

synovectomy

194
Q

Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

A

total hip replacement

195
Q

Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

A

arthrography

196
Q

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm

A

bone density test

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

197
Q

Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

A

discography

198
Q

Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

A

lumbosacral spinal radiography

199
Q

Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

A

myelography

200
Q

Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

A

scintigraphy

201
Q

Scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone

A

bone scintigraphy

202
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament

203
Q

BE

A

barium enema

below the elbow

204
Q

C1, C2, and so on

A

first cervical vertebrae, second cervical vertebrae, and so on

205
Q

Ca

A

calcium

cancer

206
Q

CDH

A

congenital dislocation of the hip

207
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

208
Q

DEXA,DXA

A

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

209
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

210
Q

DO

A

doctor of osteopathy

211
Q

EMG

A

electromyography

212
Q

Fx

A

fracture

213
Q

HD

A

hemodialysis
hip disarticulation
hearing distance

214
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

herniated disk

215
Q

HP

A

hemipelvectomy

216
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

infectious mononucleosis

217
Q

IS

A

intracostal space

218
Q

IV

A

intravenous

219
Q

L1, L2, and so on

A

first lumbar vertebra
second lumbar vertebra
and so on

220
Q

LS

A

lumbosacral

221
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

222
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

223
Q

MS

A

musculoskeletal
multiple sclerosis
mental status
mitral stenosis

224
Q

NSAIDs

A

nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs

225
Q

ORTH, ortho

A

orthopedics

226
Q

P

A

phosphorus

pulse

227
Q

PCL

A

posterior cruciate ligament

228
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

right atrium

229
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor

radio frequency

230
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

231
Q

S

A

shoulder diarticulation

232
Q

THA

A

total hip arthroplasty

233
Q

THR

A

total hip replacement

234
Q

TKA

A

total knee arthroplasty

235
Q

TKR

A

total knee replacement

236
Q

TRAM

A

transverse rectus abdominis muscle

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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