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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

electrolyte

A

mineral salt (sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carries an electrical charge in solution

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1
Q

antagonistic

A

acting in opposition

mutually opposing

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2
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen (a starch from sugar) to glucose

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3
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

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4
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen

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5
Q

sympathomimetic

A

agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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7
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

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8
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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9
Q

gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o

A

sugar

sweetness

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10
Q

home/o

A

same

alike

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11
Q

kal/i

A

potassium (an electrolyte)

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12
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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13
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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14
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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15
Q

thyr/o, throid/o

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

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17
Q

-crine

A

secrete

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18
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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19
Q

-gen

A

forming
producing
origin

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20
Q

-toxic

A

pertaining to poison

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21
Q

-uria

A

urine

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22
Q

eu-

A

good

normal

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23
Q

exo-

A

outside

outward

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24
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

above normal

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25
Q

hypo-

A

under

below

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26
Q

poly-

A

many

much

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27
Q

acromegaly

A

rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary tumor (adenoma) that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal

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28
Q

diuresis

A

increased formation and secretion of urine

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29
Q

glycosuria

A

abnormal amount of glucose in the urine

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30
Q

Graves disease

A

Multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball)

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31
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

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32
Q

hypercalcemia

A

condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal

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33
Q

hyperkalemia

A

condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal

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34
Q

hypervolemia

A

abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body

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35
Q

hyponatremia

A

lower than normal level of sodium in the blood

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36
Q

insulinoma

A

tumor of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas

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37
Q

obesity

A

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

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38
Q

morbid obesity

A

body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight

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39
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

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40
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla causing elevated heart rate and blood

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41
Q

thyroid storm

A

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone

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42
Q

virilism

A

Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

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43
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves Disease

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44
Q

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue

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45
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands usually to control hyperparathyroidism

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46
Q

thymectomy

A

excision of the thymus gland

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47
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of the entire thyroid gland, a part of it or a lobe

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48
Q

fasting blood sugar test

A

test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours

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49
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

50
Q

insulin tolerance test (ITT)

A

diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to determine insulin sensitivity

51
Q

thyroid function test (TFT)

A

test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

52
Q

total calcium test

A

test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders

53
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

A

administration of radioactive iodine (RAI) in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the blood

54
Q

thyroid scan

A

images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose of radioactive iodine

55
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone

56
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

57
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

diagnostic imaging

58
Q

DKA

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

59
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

60
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

61
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

62
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

63
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

64
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

65
Q

K

A

potassium (an electrolyte)

66
Q

LH

A

luteinzing hormone

67
Q

NPH

A

neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)

68
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

69
Q

PGH

A

pituitary growth hormone

70
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

71
Q

RAI

A

radioactive iodine

72
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

73
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)

74
Q

T4

A

throxine (thyroid hormone)

75
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

76
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

77
Q

thymoma

A

tumor of the thymus

78
Q

glycolysis

A

destruction of glucose (by enzymes)

79
Q

polydypsia

A

much thirst

80
Q

pancreatolithectomy

A

removal of a stone from the pancrease

81
Q

endocrine

A

(glands that) secrete within (the blood)

82
Q

adipsia

A

without thirst

83
Q

exocrine

A

(glands that) secrete within (the blood)

84
Q

hyperglycemia

A

blood condition of excessive sugar

85
Q

thymolysis

A

destruction of the thymus

86
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of the adrenal glands

87
Q

hypocalcemia

A

blood condition of below (normal) calcium

88
Q

hyperkalemia

A

blood condition of excessive potassium (an electrolyte)

89
Q

acromegaly

A

enlargement of the extremities

90
Q

pancreatography

A

process of recording (x-ray) the pancreas

91
Q

hypoglycemia

A

blood condition of deficiency of glucose

92
Q

glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen

93
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

94
Q

pancreatolysis

A

destruction of the pancreas

95
Q

pancreatopathy

A

disease of the pancreas

96
Q

thyroiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid gland

97
Q

thyromegaly

A

enlargement of the thyroid

98
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of a parathyroid gland

99
Q

adrenalectomy

A

removal of the adrenal gland

100
Q

myxedema

A

hypothyroidism acquired in adulthood

101
Q

diuresis

A

increased excretion of urine

102
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive growth of hair in unusual places, especially in women

103
Q

cretinism

A

hypothyroidism that appears as a congenital condition and is commonly associated with other endocrine abnormalities

104
Q

thyroid storm

A

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

105
Q

addison disease

A

caused by deficiency in the secretion of adrenocortical hormones

106
Q

exophthalmic goiter

A 
characterized by protrusion of the eyeballs
increased heart action
enlargement of the thyroid gland
weight loss
nervousness
107
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

occurs most commonly in children and adolescents

108
Q

hyponatremia

A

decreased concentration of sodium in the blood

109
Q

glycosuria

A

abnormal presence of glucose in the urine

110
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

occurs later in life

111
Q

FBS

A

measures circulating glucose level after 12-hour fast

112
Q

RAIU

A

measures thyroid function and monitors how quickly ingested iodine is taken into the thyroid gland

113
Q

corticosteroids

A

replacement hormones for adrenal insufficiency

114
Q

growth hormone

A

increases skeletal growth in children

115
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

116
Q

oral antidiabetics

A

used to treat type 2 diabetes

117
Q

GTT

A

test commonly used to help diagnose diabetes or other disorders that affect carbohydrate metabolism

118
Q

antithyroids

A

used to treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone

119
Q

hypophysectomy

A

partial or compete excision of the pituitary

120
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

121
Q

Humulin

A

trade name for all human genetically produced insulins

122
Q

glycosuria

A

sugar in the urine

123
Q

hypopnea

A

shallow breathing

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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