Chapter 8 Flashcards
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called
venules
The pumping action of the heart propels blood that contains oxygen, nutrients, and other vital products from the heart to body cells through a vast network of blood vessels called
arteries
venules combine to form
veins
Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Flat, leaf shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood
leaflet
Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
lumen
Backflow or ejecting of contents through and opening
regurgitation
Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening
sphincter
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
vasoconstriction
Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
vasodilation
state of being sticky or gummy
viscosity
3 major types of vessels
artery
capillary
vein
They carry blood throughout the body
The walls of arteries have 3 layers to provide toughness and elasticity
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima
The outer coat of an arterie composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
tunica externa
the middle layer of an arterie composed of smooth muscle
tunica media
Depending on the needs of the body the tunica media can alter the size of the _______ of the vessel
lumen
Vasoconstriction results in
decreased blood flow
Vasodilation results in
increased blood flow
The thin lining of the lumen of a vessel composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel
tunica intima
The surge of blood felt in arteries when blood is pumped from the heart is referred to as a
pulse
Oxygenated blood travels to smaller arteries called
arterioles
Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
capillaries
return blood to the heart
veins
veins are formed from smaller vessels called _______that develop from the union of capillaries
venules
Small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood
valves
A muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network
heart
The heart is found in a sac called
pericardium
3 layers of the heart
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
A serous membrane that lines the 4 chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
endocardium
The muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
the outermost layer of the heart
epicardium
4 chambers of the heart
right atrium (RA) left atrium (LA) right ventricle (RV) left ventricle (LV)
The right and left atrium do what
collect blood
The right and left ventricle do what
pump blood from the heart
The right ventricle pumps blood to the ________ for oxygenation and the left ventricle pumps blood to the _________
lungs (pulmonary circulation) entire body (systemic circulation)
Collects and carries blood from the upper body
superior vena cava
collects and carries blood from the lower body
inferior vena cava
From the right atrium blood passes through the ______
tricuspid valve consisting of 3 leaflets to the right ventricle
When the heart contracts blood leaves the right ventricle by way of the
left and right pulmonary arteries and travels to the lungs
prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)
Pulmonary capillaries unite to form 4 pulmonary veins
2 right pulmonary veins
2 left pulmonary veins
Blood passes to the left ventricle through the
mitral (bicuspid) valve
Upon contraction of the ventricles the oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the largest artery of the body the
aorta
The aorta contains _________ that permits blood flow in only one direction- from the left ventricle to the aorta
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
The artery vascularizing the right side of the heart is the
right coronary artery
The artery vascularizing the left side of the heart is the
left coronary artery
The left coronary artery divides into 2 branches
left anterior descending artery
circumflex artery
specialized cardiac tissue in the heart that has the sole function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses
conduction tissue
Without being stimulated by external nerves _______ has the ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat, thereby setting the basic pace for the cardiac rate
sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker
The cardiac rate may be altered by impulses from the
autonomic nervous system
Each electrical impulse discharged by the SA node is transmitted to the ________causing the atria to contract
atrioventricular (AV) node
A tract of conduction fibers called the ________ composed of a right and left branch, relays the impulse to the ________.
bundle of His (AV bundle)
Purkinje fibers
Impulse transmission through the conduction system generates weak electrical impulses on the surface of the body. These impulses can be recorded on graph paper by an instrument called an
electrocardiograph
The depolarization (contraction) of the atria
P wave
The depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
QRS complex
Appears a short time after the QRS complex, is the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
T wave
The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during 2 phases of a heartbeat
blood pressure (BP)
The contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart
systole
the relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood
diastole
Blood pressure is measured with a ________ and is recorded as 2 figures separated by a diagonal line.
sphygmomanometer
thickness, of blood
viscosity
widened blood vessel
aneurysm/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
angi/o
vascul/o
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
atri/o
atrium
ather/o
fatty plaque
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
heart
electr/o
electricity
embol/o
embolus (plug)
hemangi/o
blood vessel
my/o
muscle
phleb/o
vein
ven/o
vein
scler/o
hardening
sclera (white of eye)
sept/o
septum
sphygm/o
pulse
sten/o
narrowing
stricture
thromb/o
blood clot
valv/o
valve
valvul/o
valve
vas/o
vessel
vas deferens
duct
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
-cardia
heart condition
-gram
record
writing
-graph
instrument for recording
-graphy
process of recording
-stenosis
narrowing
stricture
brady-
slow
endo-
in
within
extra-
outside
peri-
around
trans-
across
angina
chest pain
dyspnea
breathing difficulties
arrhythmias
cardiac irregularities
syncope
loss of consciousness
The medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
cardiology
the physician who treats disorders of the cardiovascular system
cadiologist
A progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle
Arteriosclerosis
atheroma hardens
artherosclerosis
If the thrombus dislodges and travels through the vascular system
embolus
plural emboli
Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death
infarct
A partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia
ischemia
elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
hyperlipidemia
When occluding material and plaque are removed from teh innermost layer of the artery
endarterectomy
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
coronary artery disease (CAD)
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
pallor
paleness
dyspnea
labored breathing
tachycardia
rapid heart rate
bradycardia
slow heart rate
A hollow thin mesh tube placed on a balloon and positioned against an artery wall
stent
An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
endocarditis
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream
bacteremia
Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and form small masses
vegetations
backflow of blood
regurgitation
stenosis
narrow
insufficiency
not close properly
Patients who are susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures
prophylactic treatment
Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
varicose veins
When varicose veins develop in the esophagus
varices
when varicose veins develop in the rectum
hemorrhoids
A type of varicose vein which appears as small blue veins seen through the skin and “spider” veins
telangiectases
vein inflammation
phlebitis
The most common primary tumor of the heart composed of mucous connective tissue
myxoma
fluid in the lungs
pulmonary edema
joint pain
arthralgia
darkly pigmented mole or tumor
malignant melanoma
Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
arrhythmia
dysrhythmia
Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
fibrillation
Arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
heart block
Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
tachycardia
Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
arteriosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by artherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
carotid artery disease
Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both
bruit
murmur
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
cardiomyopathy
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
coarctation
Condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
embolism
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
hyperlipidemia
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
hypertension (HTN)
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
hypotension
Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
infarction
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
palpitation
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
phlebitis
Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain
syncope
fainting
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
thrombosis
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrhythmias
defibrilation
Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia (arterial fibrillation, arterial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia), and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm
cardioversion
Injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen in the vein
sclerotherapy
Destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters such as tissue plasminogen activator
thrombolysis
Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and stores forward blood flow
angioplasty
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
biopsy
Removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis
arterial biopsy
Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance
catheter ablation
Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures)
commissurotomy
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Removal of an embolus
embolectomy
Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device
endarterectomy
Implantation of a battery-powered device that monitors an d automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death; also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion
Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins
laser ablation
Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine
open heart surgery
Placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction
stent placementq
Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
valvotomy
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
cardiac catheterization (CC)
Procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the heart’s conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia
electrophysiology study (EPS)
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied ot the chest arms and legs
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test
Holter monitor test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
stress test
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase (CK-MB)
cardiac enzyme studies
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
lipid panel
Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
angiogaphy
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
aortography
Angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
coronary
Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow and velocity
cardiac
Type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
multiple-gated acquisition
MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries
nuclear perfusion study
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
Ultrasonography (US)
Ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart
doppler
Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produced images of the heart, and assess cardiac output
echocardigraphy (ECHO)
Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction
venography
AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
AFib
atrial fibrillation
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
AS
aortic stenosis
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV
atrioventricular, arteriovenous
BP, B/P
blood pressure
CA
cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CC
cardiac catheterization
CHD
coronary heart disease
Chol
cholesterol
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
CO2
carbon dioxide
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
EPS
electrophysiology studies
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
HF
heart failure
HTN
hypertension
ICD
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
LA
left atrium
LDL
low-desity lipoprotein
LV
left ventricle
MI
myocardial infarction
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram
magnetic resonance angiography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MUGA scan
multiple-gated acquisition scan
O2
oxygen
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
RA
right atrium
RV
residual volume; right ventricle
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
US
ultrasound
