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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Arteries branch into smaller vessels called

A

venules

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1
Q

The pumping action of the heart propels blood that contains oxygen, nutrients, and other vital products from the heart to body cells through a vast network of blood vessels called

A

arteries

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2
Q

venules combine to form

A

veins

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3
Q

Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q

Flat, leaf shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood

A

leaflet

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5
Q

Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

A

lumen

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6
Q

Backflow or ejecting of contents through and opening

A

regurgitation

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7
Q

Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening

A

sphincter

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8
Q

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

A

vasoconstriction

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9
Q

Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

A

vasodilation

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10
Q

state of being sticky or gummy

A

viscosity

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11
Q

3 major types of vessels

A

artery
capillary
vein

They carry blood throughout the body

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12
Q

The walls of arteries have 3 layers to provide toughness and elasticity

A

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

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13
Q

The outer coat of an arterie composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility

A

tunica externa

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14
Q

the middle layer of an arterie composed of smooth muscle

A

tunica media

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15
Q

Depending on the needs of the body the tunica media can alter the size of the _______ of the vessel

A

lumen

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16
Q

Vasoconstriction results in

A

decreased blood flow

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17
Q

Vasodilation results in

A

increased blood flow

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18
Q

The thin lining of the lumen of a vessel composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel

A

tunica intima

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19
Q

The surge of blood felt in arteries when blood is pumped from the heart is referred to as a

A

pulse

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20
Q

Oxygenated blood travels to smaller arteries called

A

arterioles

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21
Q

Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system

A

capillaries

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22
Q

return blood to the heart

A

veins

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23
Q

veins are formed from smaller vessels called _______that develop from the union of capillaries

A

venules

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24
Q

Small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood

A

valves

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25
Q

A muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network

A

heart

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26
Q

The heart is found in a sac called

A

pericardium

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27
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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28
Q

A serous membrane that lines the 4 chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

A

endocardium

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29
Q

The muscular layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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30
Q

the outermost layer of the heart

A

epicardium

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31
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A 
right atrium (RA)
left atrium (LA)
right ventricle (RV)
left ventricle (LV)
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32
Q

The right and left atrium do what

A

collect blood

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33
Q

The right and left ventricle do what

A

pump blood from the heart

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34
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood to the ________ for oxygenation and the left ventricle pumps blood to the _________

A 
lungs (pulmonary circulation)
entire body (systemic circulation)
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35
Q

Collects and carries blood from the upper body

A

superior vena cava

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36
Q

collects and carries blood from the lower body

A

inferior vena cava

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37
Q

From the right atrium blood passes through the ______

A

tricuspid valve consisting of 3 leaflets to the right ventricle

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38
Q

When the heart contracts blood leaves the right ventricle by way of the

A

left and right pulmonary arteries and travels to the lungs

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39
Q

prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)

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40
Q

Pulmonary capillaries unite to form 4 pulmonary veins

A

2 right pulmonary veins

2 left pulmonary veins

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41
Q

Blood passes to the left ventricle through the

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

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42
Q

Upon contraction of the ventricles the oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the largest artery of the body the

A

aorta

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43
Q

The aorta contains _________ that permits blood flow in only one direction- from the left ventricle to the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)

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44
Q

The artery vascularizing the right side of the heart is the

A

right coronary artery

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45
Q

The artery vascularizing the left side of the heart is the

A

left coronary artery

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46
Q

The left coronary artery divides into 2 branches

A

left anterior descending artery

circumflex artery

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47
Q

specialized cardiac tissue in the heart that has the sole function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses

A

conduction tissue

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48
Q

Without being stimulated by external nerves _______ has the ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat, thereby setting the basic pace for the cardiac rate

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker

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49
Q

The cardiac rate may be altered by impulses from the

A

autonomic nervous system

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50
Q

Each electrical impulse discharged by the SA node is transmitted to the ________causing the atria to contract

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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51
Q

A tract of conduction fibers called the ________ composed of a right and left branch, relays the impulse to the ________.

A

bundle of His (AV bundle)

Purkinje fibers

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52
Q

Impulse transmission through the conduction system generates weak electrical impulses on the surface of the body. These impulses can be recorded on graph paper by an instrument called an

A

electrocardiograph

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53
Q

The depolarization (contraction) of the atria

A

P wave

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54
Q

The depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

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55
Q

Appears a short time after the QRS complex, is the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles

A

T wave

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56
Q

The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during 2 phases of a heartbeat

A

blood pressure (BP)

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57
Q

The contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart

A

systole

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58
Q

the relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood

A

diastole

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59
Q

Blood pressure is measured with a ________ and is recorded as 2 figures separated by a diagonal line.

A

sphygmomanometer

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60
Q

thickness, of blood

A

viscosity

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61
Q

widened blood vessel

A

aneurysm/o

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62
Q

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

A

angi/o

vascul/o

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63
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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64
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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65
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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66
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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67
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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68
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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69
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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70
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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71
Q

embol/o

A

embolus (plug)

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72
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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73
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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74
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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75
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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76
Q

scler/o

A

hardening

sclera (white of eye)

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77
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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78
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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79
Q

sten/o

A

narrowing

stricture

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80
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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81
Q

valv/o

A

valve

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82
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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83
Q

vas/o

A

vessel
vas deferens
duct

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84
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

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85
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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86
Q

-gram

A

record

writing

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87
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

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88
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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89
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

stricture

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90
Q

brady-

A

slow

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91
Q

endo-

A

in

within

92
Q

extra-

A

outside

93
Q

peri-

A

around

94
Q

trans-

A

across

95
Q

angina

A

chest pain

96
Q

dyspnea

A

breathing difficulties

97
Q

arrhythmias

A

cardiac irregularities

98
Q

syncope

A

loss of consciousness

99
Q

The medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system

A

cardiology

100
Q

the physician who treats disorders of the cardiovascular system

A

cadiologist

101
Q

A progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle

A

Arteriosclerosis

102
Q

atheroma hardens

A

artherosclerosis

103
Q

If the thrombus dislodges and travels through the vascular system

A

embolus

plural emboli

104
Q

Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death

A

infarct

105
Q

A partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia

A

ischemia

106
Q

elevated level of fatty substances in the blood

A

hyperlipidemia

107
Q

When occluding material and plaque are removed from teh innermost layer of the artery

A

endarterectomy

108
Q

Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

109
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

110
Q

pallor

A

paleness

111
Q

dyspnea

A

labored breathing

112
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate

113
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

114
Q

A hollow thin mesh tube placed on a balloon and positioned against an artery wall

A

stent

115
Q

An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

A

endocarditis

116
Q

Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream

A

bacteremia

117
Q

Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and form small masses

A

vegetations

118
Q

backflow of blood

A

regurgitation

119
Q

stenosis

A

narrow

120
Q

insufficiency

A

not close properly

121
Q

Patients who are susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures

A

prophylactic treatment

122
Q

Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins

A

varicose veins

123
Q

When varicose veins develop in the esophagus

A

varices

124
Q

when varicose veins develop in the rectum

A

hemorrhoids

125
Q

A type of varicose vein which appears as small blue veins seen through the skin and “spider” veins

A

telangiectases

126
Q

vein inflammation

A

phlebitis

127
Q

The most common primary tumor of the heart composed of mucous connective tissue

A

myxoma

128
Q

fluid in the lungs

A

pulmonary edema

129
Q

joint pain

A

arthralgia

130
Q

darkly pigmented mole or tumor

A

malignant melanoma

131
Q

Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

A

angina

132
Q

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart

A

arrhythmia

dysrhythmia

133
Q

Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

A

fibrillation

134
Q

Arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

A

heart block

135
Q

Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

A

tachycardia

136
Q

Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity

A

arteriosclerosis

137
Q

Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

138
Q

Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by artherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke

A

carotid artery disease

139
Q

Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both

A

bruit

murmur

140
Q

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

A

cardiomyopathy

141
Q

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

A

coarctation

142
Q

Condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

A

embolism

143
Q

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

A

hyperlipidemia

144
Q

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

A

hypertension (HTN)

145
Q

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

A

hypotension

146
Q

Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply

A

infarction

147
Q

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

A

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

148
Q

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

A

palpitation

149
Q

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

A

phlebitis

150
Q

Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain

A

syncope

fainting

151
Q

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

A

thrombosis

152
Q

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

153
Q

Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrhythmias

A

defibrilation

154
Q

Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia (arterial fibrillation, arterial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia), and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm

A

cardioversion

155
Q

Injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen in the vein

A

sclerotherapy

156
Q

Destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters such as tissue plasminogen activator

A

thrombolysis

157
Q

Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and stores forward blood flow

A

angioplasty

158
Q

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

159
Q

Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes

A

biopsy

160
Q

Removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis

A

arterial biopsy

161
Q

Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance

A

catheter ablation

162
Q

Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures)

A

commissurotomy

163
Q

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

A

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

164
Q

Removal of an embolus

A

embolectomy

165
Q

Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

A

endarterectomy

166
Q

Implantation of a battery-powered device that monitors an d automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death; also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion

167
Q

Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

A

laser ablation

168
Q

Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine

A

open heart surgery

169
Q

Placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction

A

stent placementq

170
Q

Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis

A

valvotomy

171
Q

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

A

cardiac catheterization (CC)

172
Q

Procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the heart’s conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia

A

electrophysiology study (EPS)

173
Q

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied ot the chest arms and legs

A

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

174
Q

ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test

A

Holter monitor test

175
Q

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

A

stress test

176
Q

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase (CK-MB)

A

cardiac enzyme studies

177
Q

Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

A

lipid panel

178
Q

Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

A

angiogaphy

179
Q

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

A

aortography

180
Q

Angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

A

coronary

181
Q

Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

182
Q

Specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow and velocity

A

cardiac

183
Q

Type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels

A

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

184
Q

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

A

multiple-gated acquisition

185
Q

MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

A

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

186
Q

Test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries

A

nuclear perfusion study

187
Q

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure

A

Ultrasonography (US)

188
Q

Ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart

A

doppler

189
Q

Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produced images of the heart, and assess cardiac output

A

echocardigraphy (ECHO)

190
Q

Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction

A

venography

191
Q

AAA

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

192
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

193
Q

AFib

A

atrial fibrillation

194
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

195
Q

AS

A

aortic stenosis

196
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease

197
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular, arteriovenous

198
Q

BP, B/P

A

blood pressure

199
Q

CA

A

cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age

200
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

201
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

202
Q

CC

A

cardiac catheterization

203
Q

CHD

A

coronary heart disease

204
Q

Chol

A

cholesterol

205
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty

206
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

207
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

208
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

209
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

210
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiology studies

211
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

212
Q

HF

A

heart failure

213
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

214
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

215
Q

LA

A

left atrium

216
Q

LDL

A

low-desity lipoprotein

217
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

218
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

219
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiogram

magnetic resonance angiography

220
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

221
Q

MUGA scan

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

222
Q

O2

A

oxygen

223
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

224
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

225
Q

RA

A

right atrium

226
Q

RV

A

residual volume; right ventricle

227
Q

SA, S-A

A

sinoatrial

228
Q

US

A

ultrasound

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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