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Psychology 101 > Final Exam pt. 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?

A 
Independent variable (IV): condition or event varied by the experimenter. 
Dependent variable (DV): variable that is affected by manipulation
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2
Q

The ___________ variable affects the dependent variable. .

A

independent

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3
Q

The independent variable affects the _________ variable. .

A

dependent

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4
Q

What are the stages of forming memory?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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5
Q

What are the three main types of memory?

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. short-term memory
  3. long-term memory
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6
Q

What is stress?

A

any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being, or challenge coping abilities

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7
Q

What are the main types of stress?

A
  1. frustration
  2. conflict
  3. change
  4. Pressure
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8
Q

Which type of stress is this: is experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted

A

frustration

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9
Q

Which type of stress is this: being in traffic

A

frustration

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10
Q

Which type of stress is this:experiencing technology failures

A

frustration

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11
Q

Which type of stress is this: bad pet behavior

A

bad pet behavior

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12
Q

Which type of stress is this: typically short-lived issues, although they cause short bursts of high-level stress

A

frustration

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13
Q

Which type of stress is this: are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require adjustment

A

change

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14
Q

Which type of stress is this: occurs when 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression

A

conflict

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15
Q

Which type of stress is this: involves expectations or demands to behave in a certain way

A

pressure

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16
Q

Which type of stress is this: most often self-imposed!

A

pressure

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17
Q

What are the different type of scenarios that can cause conflict stress?

A
  1. approach-approach
  2. avoidance-avoidance
  3. approach-avoidance
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18
Q

What is the difference between approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance in conflict stress?

A
  1. approach-approach- both choices are attractive
  2. avoidance-avoidance- both choices are unattractive
  3. approach-avoidance- an unattractive and attractive choice are both present
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19
Q

What type of expectations led to pressure?

A
  • performance
  • physical appearance
  • conforming to rules
20
Q

Who created the social readjustment scale?

A

Holmes and Rahe (1967)

21
Q

The _______ ___________ _______ ______ (____) allows for quantification of the degree of stress a life change (or group of changes) caused

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

22
Q

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures:

a. change
b. frustration
c. control
d. aggression

A

a. change

23
Q

What are the common emotional responses to stress?

A
  • annoyance, anger, and rage
  • apprehension, anxiety, fear
  • dejection, sadness, grief
24
Q

Positive reactions to stress appears to lead to ________

A

resilience

25
Q

What are the two main physiological responses to stress?

A
  1. Fight or Flight Response

2. General Adaption Syndrome

26
Q

What are the three components of the general adaption syndrome?

A
  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion
27
Q

What is the behavioral response to stress?

A

coping- active efforts to master, reduce, and tolerate the demands created by stress

28
Q

What are the five different ways people cope?

A
  1. Giving up and blaming oneself
  2. Aggression
  3. Indulging oneself
  4. Defensive coping
  5. Constructive Coping
29
Q

Giving up and blaming oneself promotes _______ ___________, passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.

A

learned helplessness

30
Q

Learned helplessness is evident in ________ ________.

A

domestic violence

31
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

aggression is always caused by frustration

32
Q

_______ is the release of emotional tension.

A

catharsis

33
Q

Why did Freud argue against catharsis?

A

Most research suggests acting in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression

34
Q

Stress can cause reduced _______ _______.

A

impulse control

35
Q

_______ _________ counts as indulging oneself.

A

Internet addiction

36
Q

_______ ___________ are a form of defensive coping.

A

Defense mechanisms

37
Q

How can you apply constructive coping?

A
  1. cognitive reappraisal: Albert Ellis’s Rational Thinking
  2. humor
  3. expressing emotions and forgiving others
  4. relaxation techniques and minimizing physiological vulnerabilities
38
Q

What are the physical effects of stress?

A

heart disease and personality (type A), heart disease and emotional reactions, and stress and immune functioning.

39
Q

What are the factors moderating the impact of stress?

A
  1. social support
  2. optimism
  3. conscientiousness
  4. resilence
40
Q

What are the two types of social support?

A
  1. explicit social support

2. implicit social support

41
Q

High social support is related to better _______ functioning

A

immune

42
Q

general tendency to expect good outcomes

A

optimism

43
Q

Optimism is related to good _______ _______ and effective _______ functioning.

A

physical health

immune

44
Q

High in ______________, means your less likely to exhibit unhealthy habits.

A

conscientiousness

45
Q

Resilience shows that stress can promote ________ _______ or _____ __________.

A

personal growth

self improvement

46
Q

What is the inverted U hypothesis?

A

The inverted-U hypothesis predicts that task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal…to an extent

Psychology 101 (34 decks)

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