Chapter 7 pt. 1 Flashcards
What are the stages of forming memories?
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Which stage of forming memories is this: input of information (from senses)?
encoding
Which stage of forming memories is this: maintenance of information?
storage
Which stage of forming memories is this: purpose is to delay decay, and form long lasting representations?
storage
Which stage of forming memories is this: involves sensory areas sending information to hippocampus?
storage
Which stage of forming memories is this: allows for memory to be recovered and used?
retrieval
Encoding is the input of information (from _______).
senses
________ is the input of information (from senses).
Encoding
An example of forming memories using computers:
The keyboard is the __________, the saving data on a hard disk is _________, and data on a monitor is ________.
encoding
storage
retrieval
An example of forming memories using computers:
The __________ is the encoding, the _______ ____ __ _ ____ ____ is storage, and _____ __ _ ________ is retrieval.
keyboard
saving data on a hard disk
data on a monitor
involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
attention
attention is not only necessary for conscious perception, but also ______ for memory formation
critical
attention is not only necessary for conscious perception, but also critical for ________ _________
memory formation
attention is not only necessary for ________ _________, but also critical for memory formation
conscious perception
_______ _________ results in poorer memory representations, or reduction in what you are able to remember.
Divided attention
According to the levels of processing theory, deeper/more detailed __________ results in longer lasting memory
processing
What are the three levels of processing?
- shallow processing
- intermediate processing
- deep processing
What is the difference between shallow, intermediate, and deep processing?
- Shallow processing- physical structure emphasized, basic feature noted
- Intermediate processing- phonemic encoding , one step up from shallow, emphasizes acoustic features
- deep processing- semantic encoding, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
Which type of encoding is used in each processing level?
Shallow processing= structural encoding
Intermediate processing= phonemic encoding
Deep processing= semantic encoding
What type of encoding is this: emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus?
structural encoding
What type of encoding is this: emphasizes what a word sounds like?
phonemic encoding
What type of encoding is this: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input?
semantic encoding
What type of encoding is this: “is the word written in capital letters?”
structural encoding
What type of encoding is this: “does the word rhyme with weight?”
phonemic encoding
What type of encoding is this: “would the word fit in the sentence ‘He met a _____________ on the street?’”
semantic encoding
What factors can enhance memory formation and storage?
- elaboration
- visual imagery
- motivation
linking a stimulus to other existing information at time of encoding
elaboration
thinking of a picture of the item you are trying to remember (easier for some things than others- “truth” vs “apple”)
visual imagery
memory is enhanced when there is high motivation to remember something
motivation
Memory passes through what 2 temporary storage stages of memory, before they reach long-term memory?
sensory memory and short-term memory
What is the difference in the length of time sensory memory and short-term memory work?
Sensory memory, preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time (depending on the sense).
Short term memory, memory store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 sec.
What are the two types of sensory memories?
- visual sensory memory
2. auditory sensory memory
Visual sensory memory is also known as _______ memory.
iconic
________ _______ memory is also known as iconic memory.
visual sensory
________ _______ memory is also known as echoic memory.
auditory sensory
Auditory sensory memory is also known as ______ memory.
echoic
Information can be maintained for longer periods of time using _________
rehearsal
At what stage of memory does rehearsal occur?
short-term memory
process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information
rehearsal
Short-term memory can be disrupted by ______ or __________
decay
interference
How can we get around memory capacity limits?
chunking- a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
