Chapter 7 pt. 1

Question 1

What are the stages of forming memories?

Answer 1

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

Question 2

Which stage of forming memories is this: input of information (from senses)?

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

Which stage of forming memories is this: maintenance of information?

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

Which stage of forming memories is this: purpose is to delay decay, and form long lasting representations?

Answer 4

storage

Question 5

Which stage of forming memories is this: involves sensory areas sending information to hippocampus?

Answer 5

storage

Question 6

Which stage of forming memories is this: allows for memory to be recovered and used?

Answer 6

retrieval

Question 7

Encoding is the input of information (from _______).

Answer 7

senses

Question 8

________ is the input of information (from senses).

Answer 8

Encoding

Question 9

An example of forming memories using computers:

The keyboard is the __________, the saving data on a hard disk is _________, and data on a monitor is ________.

Answer 9

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 10

An example of forming memories using computers:

The __________ is the encoding, the _______ ____ __ _ ____ ____ is storage, and _____ __ _ ________ is retrieval.

Answer 10

keyboard
saving data on a hard disk
data on a monitor

Question 11

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Answer 11

attention

Question 12

attention is not only necessary for conscious perception, but also ______ for memory formation

Answer 12

critical

Question 13

attention is not only necessary for conscious perception, but also critical for ________ _________

Answer 13

memory formation

Question 14

attention is not only necessary for ________ _________, but also critical for memory formation

Answer 14

conscious perception

Question 15

_______ _________ results in poorer memory representations, or reduction in what you are able to remember.

Answer 15

Divided attention

Question 16

According to the levels of processing theory, deeper/more detailed __________ results in longer lasting memory

Answer 16

processing

Question 17

What are the three levels of processing?

Answer 17

1. shallow processing
2. intermediate processing
3. deep processing

Question 18

What is the difference between shallow, intermediate, and deep processing?

Answer 18

1. Shallow processing- physical structure emphasized, basic feature noted
2. Intermediate processing- phonemic encoding , one step up from shallow, emphasizes acoustic features
3. deep processing- semantic encoding, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Question 19

Which type of encoding is used in each processing level?

Answer 19

Shallow processing= structural encoding
Intermediate processing= phonemic encoding
Deep processing= semantic encoding

Question 20

What type of encoding is this: emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus?

Answer 20

structural encoding

Question 21

What type of encoding is this: emphasizes what a word sounds like?

Answer 21

phonemic encoding

Question 22

What type of encoding is this: emphasizes the meaning of verbal input?

Answer 22

semantic encoding

Question 23

What type of encoding is this: “is the word written in capital letters?”

Answer 23

structural encoding

Question 24

What type of encoding is this: “does the word rhyme with weight?”

Answer 24

phonemic encoding

Question 25

What type of encoding is this: “would the word fit in the sentence ‘He met a _____________ on the street?’”

Answer 25

semantic encoding

Question 26

What factors can enhance memory formation and storage?

Answer 26

1. elaboration
2. visual imagery
3. motivation

Question 27

linking a stimulus to other existing information at time of encoding

Answer 27

elaboration

Question 28

thinking of a picture of the item you are trying to remember (easier for some things than others- “truth” vs “apple”)

Answer 28

visual imagery

Question 29

memory is enhanced when there is high motivation to remember something

Answer 29

motivation

Question 30

Memory passes through what 2 temporary storage stages of memory, before they reach long-term memory?

Answer 30

sensory memory and short-term memory

Question 31

What is the difference in the length of time sensory memory and short-term memory work?

Answer 31

Sensory memory, preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time (depending on the sense).
Short term memory, memory store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 sec.

Question 32

What are the two types of sensory memories?

Answer 32

1. visual sensory memory

2. auditory sensory memory

Question 33

Visual sensory memory is also known as _______ memory.

Answer 33

iconic

Question 34

________ _______ memory is also known as iconic memory.

Answer 34

visual sensory

Question 35

________ _______ memory is also known as echoic memory.

Answer 35

auditory sensory

Question 36

Auditory sensory memory is also known as ______ memory.

Answer 36

echoic

Question 37

Information can be maintained for longer periods of time using _________

Answer 37

rehearsal

Question 38

At what stage of memory does rehearsal occur?

Answer 38

short-term memory

Question 39

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

Answer 39

rehearsal

Question 40

Short-term memory can be disrupted by ______ or __________

Answer 40

decay

interference

Question 41

How can we get around memory capacity limits?

Answer 41

chunking- a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit