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Psychology 101 > Chapter 6 pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When does classical conditioning transfer to other stimuli?

A

When stimulus generalization occurs

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2
Q

eliciting a fear response when hearing any drill, not just the original drill the fear was conditioned with

A

stimulus generalization

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3
Q

Who first described classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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4
Q

What are the two types of conditioning?

A
  1. classical conditioning

2. operant conditioning

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5
Q

Who created operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

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6
Q

occurs when an event following a response increases the organisms tendency to make that response

A

reinforcement

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7
Q

What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to acquisition?

A

Classical conditioning: CS and US are paired, gradually resulting in CR
Operant conditioning: Responding gradually increases because of reinforcement, possibly through shaping

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8
Q

What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to extinction?

A

Classical conditioning: CS is presented alone until it no longer elicits CR
Operant conditioning: responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated

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9
Q

What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to stimulus generalization?

A

Classical conditioning: CR is elicited by new stimulus that resembles original CS
Operant conditioning: responding increases in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus

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10
Q

What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to stimulus discrimination?

A

Classical conditioning: CR is not elicited by new stimulus that resembles original CS
Operant conditioning: responding does not increase in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus

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11
Q

the final stage of learning

A

acquisition

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12
Q

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

A

extinction

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13
Q

What is the difference between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

A

Stimulus generalization-an organism’s responding to stimuli other than the original stimulus used in conditioning.
Stimulus discrimination- an organism’s lack of response to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning

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14
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?

A
  1. continuos

2. intermittent

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15
Q

What is the difference between ratio schedules and interval schedules?

A

Ratio schedules are the number of responses determines appearance of reinforcer.
Interval schedules, when timing determines appearance of reinforcer

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16
Q

Ratio schedules are composed of what two ratios?

A
  1. fixed ratio

2. variable ratio

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17
Q

Interval schedules are composed of what two intervals?

A
  1. fixed interval

2. variable interval

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18
Q

What is an example of a interval schedule?

A

a 9 to 5 job

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19
Q

What is the difference between fixed ratio and variable ratio?

A

Fixed Ratio, a schedule in which you will always get rewarded after a certain number of occurrence.
Variable Ratio, no guarantees

20
Q

Reinforcement __________ the likelihood of making a response.

A

increases

21
Q

____________ increases the likelihood of making a response

A

reinforcement

22
Q

Punishment __________ the likelihood of making a response

A

decreases

23
Q

___________ decreases the likelihood of making a response

A

punishment

24
Q

Positive reinforcement (+): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by ___________ a rewarding stimulus

A

providing

25
Q

_________ _____________ (+): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by providing a rewarding stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement

26
Q

Negative reinforcement (-): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by _______ ____ an aversive stimulus

A

taking away

27
Q

________ ____________ (-): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by taking away an aversive stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

28
Q

Is this negative or positive reinforcement: reward a child with an ice cream cone after receiving an excellent report card

A

positive reinforcement

29
Q

Is this negative or positive reinforcement: rewarding a child for receiving a an excellent report card by taking away one of their mandatory weekly chores

A

negative reinforcement

30
Q

What are the two types of negative reinforcement?

A
  1. escape learning

2. avoidance learning

31
Q

Escape learning- learning a response that __________ or ____ aversive stimulation

A

decreases

ends

32
Q

_______ ________- learning a response that decreases or ends aversive stimulation

A

Escape learning

33
Q

Avoidance learning- learning a response that ________ some aversive stimulation

A

prevents

34
Q

_________ ________- learning a response that prevents some aversive stimulation

A

Avoidance learning

35
Q

What type of negative reinforcement is this: leaving a party where you were getting picked on. Now you consider escaping/ running away as viable solution for conflict?

A

escape learning

36
Q

What type of negative reinforcement is this: you’ve just learned that its started to pour rain on Tropicana and Paradise. You decided to wait to leave UNLV until the water has dried up to avoid water damage to your car?

A

avoidance learning

37
Q

What are the two types of punishment?

A
  1. positive punishment

2. negative punishment

38
Q

Positive punishment (+): reduces the likelihood of making a response by ________/______ an aversive stimulus

A

providing/giving

39
Q

________ __________ (+): reduces the likelihood of making a response by providing/giving an aversive stimulus

A

Positive punishment

40
Q

Is this positive or negative punishment: spanking a child after/as they threw a tantrum

A

positive punishment

41
Q

_________ ___________ (-): reduces the likelihood of making a response by removing a rewarding stimulus (i.e., like freedom, TV privileges)

A

negative punishment

42
Q

Negative punishment (-): reduces the likelihood of making a response by __________ a rewarding stimulus (i.e., like freedom, TV privileges)

A

removing

43
Q

Is this positive or negative punishment: sending a child to “time-out” after/ as they threw a tantrum

A

negative punishment

44
Q

Is this positive or negative punishment: sending an adult to jail after getting charged with breaking and entering, and also grand larceny

A

negative punishment

45
Q

Who created the observational learning model?

A

Albert Bandura

46
Q

how could observational learning be adaptive?

A
  • we use it when we learn a new job or how to drive

- it is also a quick way to learn

47
Q

how could observational learning be maladaptive?

A

media violence controversy

Psychology 101 (34 decks)

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