Chapter 6 pt. 2 Flashcards
When does classical conditioning transfer to other stimuli?
When stimulus generalization occurs
eliciting a fear response when hearing any drill, not just the original drill the fear was conditioned with
stimulus generalization
Who first described classical conditioning?
Pavlov
What are the two types of conditioning?
- classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
Who created operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
occurs when an event following a response increases the organisms tendency to make that response
reinforcement
What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to acquisition?
Classical conditioning: CS and US are paired, gradually resulting in CR
Operant conditioning: Responding gradually increases because of reinforcement, possibly through shaping
What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to extinction?
Classical conditioning: CS is presented alone until it no longer elicits CR
Operant conditioning: responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated
What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to stimulus generalization?
Classical conditioning: CR is elicited by new stimulus that resembles original CS
Operant conditioning: responding increases in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus
What is the difference in classical conditioning & operant conditioning; when it comes to stimulus discrimination?
Classical conditioning: CR is not elicited by new stimulus that resembles original CS
Operant conditioning: responding does not increase in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus
the final stage of learning
acquisition
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
extinction
What is the difference between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?
Stimulus generalization-an organism’s responding to stimuli other than the original stimulus used in conditioning.
Stimulus discrimination- an organism’s lack of response to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
- continuos
2. intermittent
What is the difference between ratio schedules and interval schedules?
Ratio schedules are the number of responses determines appearance of reinforcer.
Interval schedules, when timing determines appearance of reinforcer
Ratio schedules are composed of what two ratios?
- fixed ratio
2. variable ratio
Interval schedules are composed of what two intervals?
- fixed interval
2. variable interval
What is an example of a interval schedule?
a 9 to 5 job
What is the difference between fixed ratio and variable ratio?
Fixed Ratio, a schedule in which you will always get rewarded after a certain number of occurrence.
Variable Ratio, no guarantees
Reinforcement __________ the likelihood of making a response.
increases
____________ increases the likelihood of making a response
reinforcement
Punishment __________ the likelihood of making a response
decreases
___________ decreases the likelihood of making a response
punishment
Positive reinforcement (+): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by ___________ a rewarding stimulus
providing
_________ _____________ (+): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by providing a rewarding stimulus
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement (-): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by _______ ____ an aversive stimulus
taking away
________ ____________ (-): the likelihood of a response occurring is strengthened by taking away an aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Is this negative or positive reinforcement: reward a child with an ice cream cone after receiving an excellent report card
positive reinforcement
Is this negative or positive reinforcement: rewarding a child for receiving a an excellent report card by taking away one of their mandatory weekly chores
negative reinforcement
What are the two types of negative reinforcement?
- escape learning
2. avoidance learning
Escape learning- learning a response that __________ or ____ aversive stimulation
decreases
ends
_______ ________- learning a response that decreases or ends aversive stimulation
Escape learning
Avoidance learning- learning a response that ________ some aversive stimulation
prevents
_________ ________- learning a response that prevents some aversive stimulation
Avoidance learning
What type of negative reinforcement is this: leaving a party where you were getting picked on. Now you consider escaping/ running away as viable solution for conflict?
escape learning
What type of negative reinforcement is this: you’ve just learned that its started to pour rain on Tropicana and Paradise. You decided to wait to leave UNLV until the water has dried up to avoid water damage to your car?
avoidance learning
What are the two types of punishment?
- positive punishment
2. negative punishment
Positive punishment (+): reduces the likelihood of making a response by ________/______ an aversive stimulus
providing/giving
________ __________ (+): reduces the likelihood of making a response by providing/giving an aversive stimulus
Positive punishment
Is this positive or negative punishment: spanking a child after/as they threw a tantrum
positive punishment
_________ ___________ (-): reduces the likelihood of making a response by removing a rewarding stimulus (i.e., like freedom, TV privileges)
negative punishment
Negative punishment (-): reduces the likelihood of making a response by __________ a rewarding stimulus (i.e., like freedom, TV privileges)
removing
Is this positive or negative punishment: sending a child to “time-out” after/ as they threw a tantrum
negative punishment
Is this positive or negative punishment: sending an adult to jail after getting charged with breaking and entering, and also grand larceny
negative punishment
Who created the observational learning model?
Albert Bandura
how could observational learning be adaptive?
- we use it when we learn a new job or how to drive
- it is also a quick way to learn
how could observational learning be maladaptive?
media violence controversy
