Chapter 2 pt.2 Flashcards
Descriptive/ Correlational Methods are used when a researcher cannot ___________ the variables under study
manipulate
What are different types of descriptive/correlational methods?
- naturalistic observation
- case study
- survey
What type of descriptive/correlational method is this:
Researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects.
Naturalistic Observation
What type of descriptive/correlational method is this:
In-depth investigation of an individual subject.
Case Study
What type of descriptive/correlational method is this:
Researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behavior.
Survey
In most research there is usually some combination of ________ information and __________ data
survey
observation
How do we measure a relationship between two variables when we didn’t manipulate anything?
- Correlation (statistical test)
- Measures the pattern of two variables, result tells you if there is a reliable pattern of change between the two variables
When the pattern is reliable (i.e., happens consistently), we say the 2 variables are ___________.
correlated
How do correlation statistics work?
- There’s a correlation coefficient
- the correlation is expressed a s a number between 0 & 1
statistic used to summarize of degree of relationship
correlation coefficient
A correlation can be ________ or _______ ; or weak or strong
negative
positive
A correlation can be negative or positive; or ______ or _______
weak
strong
________ __________ _________=increased ability to predict one variable based on the other
higher correlation coefficients
In terms of correlation:
- Larger numbers = ________ relationship between variables
- Smaller numbers = _______ relationship between variables
stronger
weaker
In terms of correlation:
- ________ numbers = stronger relationship between variables
- _______ numbers = weaker relationship between variables
larger
smaller
Two variables may be highly correlated, but not ________ _______
casually related
Two variables may be highly ________, but not causally related
correlated
What are the advantages of Descriptive/Correlational Research?
Explore questions that cannot be examined experimentally
What are the disadvantages of Descriptive/Correlational Research?
Investigators cannot control events to isolate cause and effect
What are the flaws you can encounter when evaluating research?
(1) sampling bias
(2) placebo effects
(3) distortions in self-report data
(4) experimenter bias
