Chapter 8 pt. 1

Question 1

What are the two main components of thinking?

Answer 1

1. cognition

2. intelligence

Question 2

What is the difference between cognition and intelligence?

Answer 2

Cognition is how we think and solve problems.

Intelligence is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).

Question 3

__________ is how we think and solve problems.

Answer 3

Cognition

Question 4

____________ is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).

Answer 4

Intelligence

Question 5

refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable

Answer 5

problem solving

Question 6

What are the three main types of problems?

Answer 6

1. problems of inducing structure
2. problems of arrangement
3. problems of transformation

Question 7

Which of the three main problem types is this: discovering the relations among parts of the problem in order to solve it (i.e. numbers, words, symbols, ideas)

Answer 7

problems of inducing structure

Question 8

Which of the three main problem types is this: where you must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion

Answer 8

problems of arrangement

Question 9

Which of the three main problem types is this: involve carrying out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal

Answer 9

problems of transformation

Question 10

_______ problems and ______ __________ are part of problems of inducing structure.

Answer 10

Analogy

series completion

Question 11

Analogy problems and series completions are part of problems of ________ __________.

Answer 11

inducing structure.

Question 12

_________ problems are part of problems of arrangement.

Answer 12

Anagram

Question 13

Anagram problems are part of problems of ___________.

Answer 13

arrangement

Question 14

________ is to find the _____ is part of problems of transformation.

Answer 14

Problem

steps

Question 15

Problem is to find the steps is part of problems of ______________.

Answer 15

transformation

Question 16

Analogy problem: spouse is to husband, as sibling is to?

a. uncle
b. bother
c. son

Answer 16

b. brother

Question 17

Series completion:
complete the series:
- 12834656__
- ABMCDM__

Answer 17

4

E

Question 18

Anagram problems:

• ex. P-T-T-M-E =______
• ex. H-U-L-A-G =______

Answer 18

TEMPT

LAUGH

Question 19

Problem is to find the steps:

- ex. _______ ___ _____ _______

Answer 19

Hobbits and Orcs problem

Question 20

List the barriers to problem soling.

Answer 20

1. functional fixedness
2. mental set
3. irrelevant information
4. assuming unnecessary constraints

Question 21

Which barrier to problem solving is this: a tendency to perceive an item only in the terms of its most common use

Answer 21

functional fixedness

Question 22

Which barrier to problem solving is this: exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

Answer 22

mental set

Question 23

Which barrier to problem solving is this: details in a problem that lead people astray from the solution

Answer 23

irrelevant information

Question 24

Which barrier to problem solving is this: placing unnecessary constraints upon a problem

Answer 24

assuming unnecessary constraints

Question 25

List the different approaches to problem solving.

Answer 25

1. trial and error
2. forming subgoals
3. searching for analogies
4. changing the Representation of the problem
5. taking a break

Question 26

Which type of approach to problem solving is the least affective?

Answer 26

trial and error

Question 27

Which type of approach to problem solving is the most common?

Answer 27

trial and error

Question 28

_________ _______ involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.

Answer 28

Decision making

Question 29

How do we make decisions?
People can make a list of pros and cons, eliminate choices based on some set of criteria…but more likely we use _________

Answer 29

Heuristics

Question 30

________- making a quick decision using mental shortcuts.

Answer 30

Heuristics

Question 31

Heuristics- making a quick _______ using mental shortcuts.

Answer 31

decision

Question 32

Heuristics- making a quick decision using ______ ________

Answer 32

mental shortcuts

Question 33

__________ ________, involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Answer 33

Availability heuristic

Question 34

“Which is more likely cause of death? suicide or murder”

The answer is suicide but most people would sat murder. Therefore, how is this an example of availability heuristic?

Answer 34

People use the knowledge they have available, and more murders are reported by the media than suicides.

Question 35

Why may availability heuristics fail?

Answer 35

you may be better able to remember instances that occur infrequently

Question 36

________________ ________, basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.

Answer 36

Representativeness heuristic

Question 37

What is the difference between availability and representatives heuristic?

Answer 37

Availability heuristic- involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Representativeness heuristic- basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event