Chapter 8 pt. 1 Flashcards
What are the two main components of thinking?
- cognition
2. intelligence
What is the difference between cognition and intelligence?
Cognition is how we think and solve problems.
Intelligence is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).
__________ is how we think and solve problems.
Cognition
____________ is how well we think and solve problems (i.e. ability).
Intelligence
refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
problem solving
What are the three main types of problems?
- problems of inducing structure
- problems of arrangement
- problems of transformation
Which of the three main problem types is this: discovering the relations among parts of the problem in order to solve it (i.e. numbers, words, symbols, ideas)
problems of inducing structure
Which of the three main problem types is this: where you must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion
problems of arrangement
Which of the three main problem types is this: involve carrying out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal
problems of transformation
_______ problems and ______ __________ are part of problems of inducing structure.
Analogy
series completion
Analogy problems and series completions are part of problems of ________ __________.
inducing structure.
_________ problems are part of problems of arrangement.
Anagram
Anagram problems are part of problems of ___________.
arrangement
________ is to find the _____ is part of problems of transformation.
Problem
steps
Problem is to find the steps is part of problems of ______________.
transformation
Analogy problem: spouse is to husband, as sibling is to?
a. uncle
b. bother
c. son
b. brother
Series completion:
complete the series:
- 12834656__
- ABMCDM__
4
E
Anagram problems:
- ex. P-T-T-M-E =______
- ex. H-U-L-A-G =______
TEMPT
LAUGH
Problem is to find the steps:
- ex. _______ ___ _____ _______
Hobbits and Orcs problem
List the barriers to problem soling.
- functional fixedness
- mental set
- irrelevant information
- assuming unnecessary constraints
Which barrier to problem solving is this: a tendency to perceive an item only in the terms of its most common use
functional fixedness
Which barrier to problem solving is this: exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
mental set
Which barrier to problem solving is this: details in a problem that lead people astray from the solution
irrelevant information
Which barrier to problem solving is this: placing unnecessary constraints upon a problem
assuming unnecessary constraints
List the different approaches to problem solving.
- trial and error
- forming subgoals
- searching for analogies
- changing the Representation of the problem
- taking a break
Which type of approach to problem solving is the least affective?
trial and error
Which type of approach to problem solving is the most common?
trial and error
_________ _______ involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
Decision making
How do we make decisions?
People can make a list of pros and cons, eliminate choices based on some set of criteria…but more likely we use _________
Heuristics
________- making a quick decision using mental shortcuts.
Heuristics
Heuristics- making a quick _______ using mental shortcuts.
decision
Heuristics- making a quick decision using ______ ________
mental shortcuts
__________ ________, involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Availability heuristic
“Which is more likely cause of death? suicide or murder”
The answer is suicide but most people would sat murder. Therefore, how is this an example of availability heuristic?
People use the knowledge they have available, and more murders are reported by the media than suicides.
Why may availability heuristics fail?
you may be better able to remember instances that occur infrequently
________________ ________, basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
Representativeness heuristic
What is the difference between availability and representatives heuristic?
Availability heuristic- involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Representativeness heuristic- basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
