Chapter 7 pt. 2 Flashcards
________ memory is used to refer to the processes that involve holding information in memory for problem-solving.
Working
Working memory is used to refer to the processes that involve holding information in memory for ________ ________.
problem solving
True or False: Long term memory is debatable.
False; unlimited is debatable
What are flashbulb memories?
- “flashbulb” memories are memories that are instantly encoded into long-term memory
Flashbulb memories can also turn into _____ memories.
false
________ memories can also turn into false memories.
Flashbulb
Who discovered that our memory actually fades at a fast rate?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
What are measures of memory?
retention
recall
recognition
What is the difference between retention, recall, and recognition?
retention-some cues
recall- more general than retention; no cues; ex. short answer/essay test questions
recognition- ex. multiple choice test
What are the reasons we forget?
ineffective learning
decay theory
interference
retrieval failure
What are the two different types of interference?
- retroactive
2. proactive
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive?
retroactive: new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
proactive: old memories impede encoding of new information
What is motivated forgetting?
Used to be known as repression, people often keep embarrassing, unpleasant, or painful memories buried in their unconscious
Who discovered false memories?
Elizabeth Loftus
Hippocampus comes from Latin and Greek words hippos= ‘_____’ + campus= ‘ ___ ______’.
horse
sea monster
Hippocampus comes from Latin and Greek words ______= ‘horse’ + _______= ‘sea monster’.
hippos
campus
Without the ___________ and surrounding _______ _____ it’s nearly impossible to form memories.
hippocampus
cortical area
Some procedural learning is made possible by the ______ _______
basal ganglia
What are the two types of amnesia?
- anterograde amnesia
2. retrograde amnesia
What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia: cannot lay down new memories (i.e., H.M.!).
Retrograde amnesia: can’t remember events pre-injury.
___________ amnesia can result when the hippocampus is damaged.
Anterograde
Anterograde amnesia can result when the ____________ is damaged.
hippocampus
_________ amnesia results from medical temporal lobe damage, and cortical damage
Retrograde
Retrograde amnesia results from medical _______ ____ damage, and _______ damage
temporal lobe
cortical
Where are memories stored?
Initially done using hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas
process which takes a weak labile memory and strengthens it, making it resistant to decay. Gradual process, that is in some cases sleep-dependent
consolidation
What are the systems of memories?
- declarative memory system
2. non-declarative memory system
What is the difference between declarative memory system and non-declarative memory system?
Declarative memory system: 1. hippocampal-dependent 2. explicit memories 3. handles factual memories Non-declarative memory system: 1. houses memories for actions, skills, conditioned responses 2. basal ganglia dependent
What are the two types of declarative memory subtypes?
- episodic
2. semantic
What is the difference between episodic and semantic declarative memory subtypes?
Episodic:
1. Memory about events, personal experiences
2. Chronologically dates
Semantic:
1. Fact based knowledge
2. Includes verbal (i.e., language) knowledge
