Chapter 7 pt. 2

Question 1

________ memory is used to refer to the processes that involve holding information in memory for problem-solving.

Answer 1

Working

Question 2

Working memory is used to refer to the processes that involve holding information in memory for ________ ________.

Answer 2

problem solving

Question 3

True or False: Long term memory is debatable.

Answer 3

False; unlimited is debatable

Question 4

What are flashbulb memories?

Answer 4

• “flashbulb” memories are memories that are instantly encoded into long-term memory

Question 5

Flashbulb memories can also turn into _____ memories.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

________ memories can also turn into false memories.

Answer 6

Flashbulb

Question 7

Who discovered that our memory actually fades at a fast rate?

Answer 7

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 8

What are measures of memory?

Answer 8

retention
recall
recognition

Question 9

What is the difference between retention, recall, and recognition?

Answer 9

retention-some cues
recall- more general than retention; no cues; ex. short answer/essay test questions
recognition- ex. multiple choice test

Question 10

What are the reasons we forget?

Answer 10

ineffective learning
decay theory
interference
retrieval failure

Question 11

What are the two different types of interference?

Answer 11

1. retroactive

2. proactive

Question 12

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive?

Answer 12

retroactive: new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
proactive: old memories impede encoding of new information

Question 13

What is motivated forgetting?

Answer 13

Used to be known as repression, people often keep embarrassing, unpleasant, or painful memories buried in their unconscious

Question 14

Who discovered false memories?

Answer 14

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 15

Hippocampus comes from Latin and Greek words hippos= ‘_____’ + campus= ‘ ___ ______’.

Answer 15

horse

sea monster

Question 16

Hippocampus comes from Latin and Greek words ______= ‘horse’ + _______= ‘sea monster’.

Answer 16

hippos

campus

Question 17

Without the ___________ and surrounding _______ _____ it’s nearly impossible to form memories.

Answer 17

hippocampus

cortical area

Question 18

Some procedural learning is made possible by the ______ _______

Answer 18

basal ganglia

Question 19

What are the two types of amnesia?

Answer 19

1. anterograde amnesia

2. retrograde amnesia

Question 20

What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Answer 20

Anterograde amnesia: cannot lay down new memories (i.e., H.M.!).
Retrograde amnesia: can’t remember events pre-injury.

Question 21

___________ amnesia can result when the hippocampus is damaged.

Answer 21

Anterograde

Question 22

Anterograde amnesia can result when the ____________ is damaged.

Answer 22

hippocampus

Question 23

_________ amnesia results from medical temporal lobe damage, and cortical damage

Answer 23

Retrograde

Question 24

Retrograde amnesia results from medical _______ ____ damage, and _______ damage

Answer 24

temporal lobe

cortical

Question 25

Where are memories stored?

Answer 25

Initially done using hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas

Question 26

process which takes a weak labile memory and strengthens it, making it resistant to decay. Gradual process, that is in some cases sleep-dependent

Answer 26

consolidation

Question 27

What are the systems of memories?

Answer 27

1. declarative memory system

2. non-declarative memory system

Question 28

What is the difference between declarative memory system and non-declarative memory system?

Answer 28

Declarative memory system: 
1. hippocampal-dependent
2. explicit memories
3. handles factual memories
Non-declarative memory system:
1. houses memories for actions, skills, conditioned responses
2. basal ganglia dependent

Question 29

What are the two types of declarative memory subtypes?

Answer 29

1. episodic

2. semantic

Question 30

What is the difference between episodic and semantic declarative memory subtypes?

Answer 30

Episodic:
1. Memory about events, personal experiences
2. Chronologically dates
Semantic:
1. Fact based knowledge
2. Includes verbal (i.e., language) knowledge