Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Where do humans lie within the kingdoms

A

Inside domain eukarya in kingdom animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anatomy

A

The scientific study of the structure of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is physiology

A

The study of the function of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Difference and similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes - free floating DNA, non membranous, very small, typically unicellular

Eukaryotes - have a nucleus, membranous, very large, mitosis and meiosis, typically multicellular, aerobic

Both have - DNA, cell walls, ribosomes, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydrogen
Ionic
Covalent

A

Hydrogen - weak attraction between oppositely charges regions or polar molecules
Covalent - forms when atoms share electrons, and hav very strong bonds
Ionic - electrically charged atoms or electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic - water hating
Hydrophilic - water loving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is water primarily stored

A

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define acid

A

A chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind
- it contributes hydrogen ions (H+) to solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define base

A

A substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define isotope

A

Atoms with a different number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All life comes from preexisting cells
All life is composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is also known as the

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport requires the use of ATP
Sodium potassium pump - pumps 3 sodium in for every 2 potassium you take out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Passive transport

A

Osmosis - the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion - a natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particle to spread out evenly within any given space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

A

Epithelial - tightly packed cells that for a continuous layer, they cover the surfaces and line the body cavities (protection, sensory functions, secretion, absorption, excretion); simple, stratified, squamous, transitional
Connective - bones, joints of cartilage, blood, fat, tendons and ligaments
Nervous - brain and spinal cord, nerves of the body, sensory organs
Muscular - heart, stomach-intestines, skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mucosa

A

“Mucous layer”
Innermost layer of the GI wall, facing the lumen. Is the absorptive and secretory layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Serosa

A

“Serious layer”
Outermost layer of the GI tract, the visceral layer of the peritoneum, lines the abdominal pelvic cavity that covers the organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscularis

A

“muscular layer”
Thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa; segmental contractions and peristaltic movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Submucosa

A

The layer of the digestive tube that is compassed of connective tissue (numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosa plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cutaneous layer

A

The superficial epidermis, the deep thicker dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The four layers of tissue

A

Simple - one layer
Stratified - multiple
Transitional - moves and it stretches
Pseudostratified - looks like multiple layers but is only one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The epidermis

A

The outer layer, stratified squamos epithelial cells, with no blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The dermis

A

The true skin, the deep thicker layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer consisting of fat and loose fibrous connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The accessory organs associated with the cutaneous membrane
Hair - shaft above the skin surfaces, the follicles Smooth muscles - attached to hair follicles, raises the hair to an upright position Sebaceous (oil) glands - secrete sebum, which moistens and softens the skin Sweat glands - secrete sweat to help in temperature regulation Blood vessels - supply nutrients, remove waste,assist in temperature regulation Sensory nerve endings - detect heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration
26
Homeostasis
The stable condition of an organism and its internal environment, maintenance or regulation of the stable condition, equilibrium
27
The composition of blood
55% plasma 45% formed elements
28
Universal donor Universal recipient
Universal donor - type O because it has no antigens Universal recipient - type AB+ because it has all antigens and no antibodies
29
What is the main thing that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
30
What are the two biggest killers in the United States
1) cardiovascular disease 2) cancer
31
Arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart
32
Veins
Carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
33
What vessel carries fat
Lymphatics
34
What are lymphatic capillaries called
Lacteals
35
Fick’s equation What does it calculate
VO2 Max = Q x a-VO2difx - calculates how much oxygen is being delivered and removed form tissues Q * a - difference in how much oxygen your body makes Q = cardiac output Q = SV * HR
36
Minute ventilation What does it calculate
Minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rate - L/min = ml/breath x beats per minute - tidal volume = VD + VA
37
B cells
Antibody - mediated immunity, they are active against viruses, bacteria, and soluble foreign molecules
38
T-cells
Cell-mediated immunity, they directly attack foreign cells, and coordinate the immune response
39
What is lymph
A fluid connective tissue derived from extracellular fluid that has white blood cells
40
What is the purpose of lymphatics
Lymphatics are critical for lipid transportation and immune function
41
Upper respiratory tract
Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, larygopharnyx) Larynx
42
Lower respiratory tract
Larynx Trachea Bronchi - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
43
What separates the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
Larynx
44
Inspiratory muscles
Diaphragm and external intercostals sternocledomastoid, etc.
45
Expiratory muscles
Abs and internal intercostals
46
Ways in which O2 is transported
Hemoglobin And can dissolve into plasma
47
Ways in which CO2 is transported
Hemoglobin Can dissolve into plasma Can buffer via carbonic acid
48
Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Esophagus - a collapsible, muscular, mucosa-lines tube about 25 cm long, extending from the pharynx to the stomach and Irene’s the diaphragm in its descent from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity Pharynx - the act of swallowing moves a rounded mass of food (bolus) from the mouth to the stomach Stomach - located below the diaphragm and liver, the intestine tube dilates into an elongated pouch like structure (food reservoir, secrete gastric juices, absorption in small amounts, produces gastric) Small intestine - breaks down food, absorbs nutrients needed, gets rid of unnecessary components Large intestine - absorbs water
49
Accessory structures in the digestive system
Salivary glands - produces saliva. Helps to cleanse teeth, dissolve molecules in the mouth Tongue - moves food around the mouth, assists in swallowing, articulation of words, taste Teeth - incisors (cutting and shearing), canine (cuspids), holding and tearing), premolars (bicuspids - crushing), molars (millstone - grinding) Liver - detoxification of blood, secretion of glucose, triglycerides, and ketone bodies, production of plasma proteins, bile production and secretions Gallbladder - stores and concentrates bile Pancreas - secreted glucose and triglycerides
50
Small intestine
Duodenum: the shortest section of the small intestine (10”); attached to the pyloric end of the stomach Jejunum: the point at which the small intestine turns abruptly forward and downward Ileum: 12’ long; the minimal line of demarcation between the jejunum and ileum
51
Large intestine
Cecum: 2-3” long; blind pouch located in the Lowe right quadrant of the abdomen Colon: ascending; transverse; descending; sigmoid Rectum: the last 7-8” of the intestinal tube
52
Where does digestion begin for carbs, lipids, and proteins
Carbs - begins in the mouth and is finished in the small intestine Lipids - begins in the duodenum and ends in the small intestine Proteins - begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine
53
Energy expenditure
- BMR or basal metabolic rate (the calories you burn to keep you alive) 60-70% - exercise or physical activity (most variable) 10-30% - thermic effect of food (breakdown of food for the body’s use); protein is the most thermogenic 10-15%
54
The main organ of the urinary system is?
The kidneys
55
Polyuria Oliguria Anuria
Polyuria - excessive urine production >2.5 L/day Oliguria - decreased urine production 300-500 ml/day Anuria - virtual absence of urine production <50 ml/day
56
What is the functional unit of a kidney
Nephron
57
Filtration
Movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus, across the capsular membrane, and into the capsular space (in the glomerulus in the corpuscle of the nephron) (Take everything out of the fridge)
58
Secretion
Blood to tubes Movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for secretion (Distal convoluted tubule section)
59
Reabsorption
Tubes to blood Movement of molecules out of the various segments of the tubule and into the peritubular blood (The proximal kidney tubule or nephron)
60
Hyaline cartilage
Glass like Most prevalent type Found in the support rings of the respiratory tract and covering the ends of bones
61
Fibrocartilage
Strongest and most durable type Matrix is rigid and filled with dense packing of strong white collagen fibers, in the intervertebral disks and menisci
62
Elastic
Contains few collagen fibers but a large number of very fine elastic fibers Create flexibility especially in the ears and larynx
63
Amphiarthroses
Offer limited movement in certain circumstances. the two subtypes are synchondroses and symphyses
64
Diarthroses
Most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex joints. Are freely movable joints - uniaxial -> hinge and pivot, movement on one axis and one plane - biaxial -> saddle and condyloid, movement on two axis and two planes - multiaxial -> ball in socket and gliding, movement on three or more planes and three or more axis
65
The two types of bone marrow
Red bone marrow - prominent in children and infants (in charge of production of RBCs) Yellow bone marrow - prominent in adults (hematopoietic stem cells replaced with adipocytes)
66
The three types of muscles
Cardiac: striated, involuntary, intercalated disks Skeletal: striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei Smooth: nonstriated, involuntary, visceral
67
What is the contractile unit of a muscle The steps of muscle contraction
Sarcomere 1) an electrical signal (action potential) down the motor neuron 2) stimulating the motor unit 3) Ach is released within the NMJ 4) depolarizing the sarcolemma 5) action potential travels down the t-tubules 6) stimulating the sarcoplasmic reticulum 7) releases Ca++ ions
68
When you combine a muscle cell and a neuron what do you get
Motor unit
69
The lobes of the brain
Parietal: receives and interprets sensory information form the skin Frontal: conscious thought and motor movements Temporal: processes auditory information Occipital: processes visual information Insula: represents emotions and feelings Cerebellum: language, decision making, conscious thought (last to receive sensory input)
70
Neuron Glia
Neurons - the wiring of the nervous system Glia - the supporting cell of the nervous system
71
The five types of glia cells
Astrocytes - provide the metabolic feeding and blood brain barrier to neurons Microglia - the phagocytic cells that help remove bacteria and debris Ependymal cells - for thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord Oligodendrocytes - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS Schwann cells - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS
72
White matter Grey matter
White - consists of myelinated exceeding (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts Grey - contains cell bodies, densities and short, unmyelinated axons
73
PNS
Peripheral nervous system - SNS (carries information to the somatic effectors “skeletal muscles”) - ANS (Carrie’s information to the autonomies and visceral effectors) Parasympathetic - “resting and digesting” Sympathetic - “Fight or flight”
74
CNS
Composed of the brain and spinal cord
75
The types of glia cells
Astrocytes - provide the metabolic feeding and blood brain barrier to neurons Microglia - the phagocytic cells that help remove bacteria and debris Ependymal cells - form thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord Oligodendrocytes - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS Schwann cells - produce the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS
76
What structure links the endocrine and nervous system together
The hypothalamus
77
Insulin Glucagon
Beta cells - insulin -> work to decrease blood sugar levels Alpha cells - glucagon -> work to increase blood sugar levels
78
PTH
Parathyroid hormone - stimulates osteoclasts to increase the blood calcium levels
79
Calcitonin
- stimulates osteoblasts to decrease blood calcium levels
80
What hormones regulate the sleep cycle
Melatonin and the biological clock
81
What hormone is associated with water loss
Antidiuretic hormone - maintains water balance in the body
82
Cytoplasm Cytosol Cytoskeleton Cell fibers
Cytoplasm - a gel-like substance of cells that contain many tiny suspended structures Cytosol - “Little organs,” membranous, non-membranous Cytoskeleton - the internal scaffolding that helps the cell maintain shape Cell fibers - the cytoskeleton which supports and anchors the other cellular structures in the body
83
Nucleus
The control center of the cell. The central processing center
84
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum: the manufacturing center
85
Ribosomes
Ribosomes: where protein synthesis happens and enzymes are created which are functional and structural proteins
86
Golgi apparatus
The processing and packaging plant
87
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell
88
Centrosome
Centrosome - an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division. ‘Microtubule-organizing center”

Human Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions