Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where do humans lie within the kingdoms

A

Inside domain eukarya in kingdom animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anatomy

A

The scientific study of the structure of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is physiology

A

The study of the function of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Difference and similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes - free floating DNA, non membranous, very small, typically unicellular

Eukaryotes - have a nucleus, membranous, very large, mitosis and meiosis, typically multicellular, aerobic

Both have - DNA, cell walls, ribosomes, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydrogen
Ionic
Covalent

A

Hydrogen - weak attraction between oppositely charges regions or polar molecules
Covalent - forms when atoms share electrons, and hav very strong bonds
Ionic - electrically charged atoms or electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic - water hating
Hydrophilic - water loving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is water primarily stored

A

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define acid

A

A chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind
- it contributes hydrogen ions (H+) to solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define base

A

A substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define isotope

A

Atoms with a different number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All life comes from preexisting cells
All life is composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is also known as the

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport requires the use of ATP
Sodium potassium pump - pumps 3 sodium in for every 2 potassium you take out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Passive transport

A

Osmosis - the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion - a natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particle to spread out evenly within any given space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

A

Epithelial - tightly packed cells that for a continuous layer, they cover the surfaces and line the body cavities (protection, sensory functions, secretion, absorption, excretion); simple, stratified, squamous, transitional
Connective - bones, joints of cartilage, blood, fat, tendons and ligaments
Nervous - brain and spinal cord, nerves of the body, sensory organs
Muscular - heart, stomach-intestines, skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mucosa

A

“Mucous layer”
Innermost layer of the GI wall, facing the lumen. Is the absorptive and secretory layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Serosa

A

“Serious layer”
Outermost layer of the GI tract, the visceral layer of the peritoneum, lines the abdominal pelvic cavity that covers the organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscularis

A

“muscular layer”
Thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa; segmental contractions and peristaltic movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Submucosa

A

The layer of the digestive tube that is compassed of connective tissue (numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosa plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cutaneous layer

A

The superficial epidermis, the deep thicker dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The four layers of tissue

A

Simple - one layer
Stratified - multiple
Transitional - moves and it stretches
Pseudostratified - looks like multiple layers but is only one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The epidermis

A

The outer layer, stratified squamos epithelial cells, with no blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The dermis

A

The true skin, the deep thicker layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer consisting of fat and loose fibrous connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The accessory organs associated with the cutaneous membrane

A

Hair - shaft above the skin surfaces, the follicles
Smooth muscles - attached to hair follicles, raises the hair to an upright position
Sebaceous (oil) glands - secrete sebum, which moistens and softens the skin
Sweat glands - secrete sweat to help in temperature regulation
Blood vessels - supply nutrients, remove waste,assist in temperature regulation
Sensory nerve endings - detect heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Homeostasis

A

The stable condition of an organism and its internal environment, maintenance or regulation of the stable condition, equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The composition of blood

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Universal donor
Universal recipient

A

Universal donor - type O because it has no antigens
Universal recipient - type AB+ because it has all antigens and no antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the main thing that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two biggest killers in the United States

A

1) cardiovascular disease
2) cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What vessel carries fat

A

Lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries called

A

Lacteals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fick’s equation
What does it calculate

A

VO2 Max = Q x a-VO2difx
- calculates how much oxygen is being delivered and removed form tissues
Q * a - difference in how much oxygen your body makes
Q = cardiac output
Q = SV * HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Minute ventilation
What does it calculate

A

Minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rate
- L/min = ml/breath x beats per minute
- tidal volume = VD + VA

37
Q

B cells

A

Antibody - mediated immunity, they are active against viruses, bacteria, and soluble foreign molecules

38
Q

T-cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity, they directly attack foreign cells, and coordinate the immune response

39
Q

What is lymph

A

A fluid connective tissue derived from extracellular fluid that has white blood cells

40
Q

What is the purpose of lymphatics

A

Lymphatics are critical for lipid transportation and immune function

41
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, larygopharnyx)
Larynx

42
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

43
Q

What separates the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

A

Larynx

44
Q

Inspiratory muscles

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals sternocledomastoid, etc.

45
Q

Expiratory muscles

A

Abs and internal intercostals

46
Q

Ways in which O2 is transported

A

Hemoglobin
And can dissolve into plasma

47
Q

Ways in which CO2 is transported

A

Hemoglobin
Can dissolve into plasma
Can buffer via carbonic acid

48
Q

Esophagus
Pharynx
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

A

Esophagus - a collapsible, muscular, mucosa-lines tube about 25 cm long, extending from the pharynx to the stomach and Irene’s the diaphragm in its descent from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity
Pharynx - the act of swallowing moves a rounded mass of food (bolus) from the mouth to the stomach
Stomach - located below the diaphragm and liver, the intestine tube dilates into an elongated pouch like structure (food reservoir, secrete gastric juices, absorption in small amounts, produces gastric)
Small intestine - breaks down food, absorbs nutrients needed, gets rid of unnecessary components
Large intestine - absorbs water

49
Q

Accessory structures in the digestive system

A

Salivary glands - produces saliva. Helps to cleanse teeth, dissolve molecules in the mouth
Tongue - moves food around the mouth, assists in swallowing, articulation of words, taste
Teeth - incisors (cutting and shearing), canine (cuspids), holding and tearing), premolars (bicuspids - crushing), molars (millstone - grinding)
Liver - detoxification of blood, secretion of glucose, triglycerides, and ketone bodies, production of plasma proteins, bile production and secretions
Gallbladder - stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas - secreted glucose and triglycerides

50
Q

Small intestine

A

Duodenum: the shortest section of the small intestine (10”); attached to the pyloric end of the stomach
Jejunum: the point at which the small intestine turns abruptly forward and downward
Ileum: 12’ long; the minimal line of demarcation between the jejunum and ileum

51
Q

Large intestine

A

Cecum: 2-3” long; blind pouch located in the Lowe right quadrant of the abdomen
Colon: ascending; transverse; descending; sigmoid
Rectum: the last 7-8” of the intestinal tube

52
Q

Where does digestion begin for carbs, lipids, and proteins

A

Carbs - begins in the mouth and is finished in the small intestine
Lipids - begins in the duodenum and ends in the small intestine
Proteins - begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine

53
Q

Energy expenditure

A
  • BMR or basal metabolic rate (the calories you burn to keep you alive) 60-70%
  • exercise or physical activity (most variable) 10-30%
  • thermic effect of food (breakdown of food for the body’s use); protein is the most thermogenic 10-15%
54
Q

The main organ of the urinary system is?

A

The kidneys

55
Q

Polyuria
Oliguria
Anuria

A

Polyuria - excessive urine production >2.5 L/day
Oliguria - decreased urine production 300-500 ml/day
Anuria - virtual absence of urine production <50 ml/day

56
Q

What is the functional unit of a kidney

A

Nephron

57
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus, across the capsular membrane, and into the capsular space
(in the glomerulus in the corpuscle of the nephron)
(Take everything out of the fridge)

58
Q

Secretion

A

Blood to tubes
Movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for secretion
(Distal convoluted tubule section)

59
Q

Reabsorption

A

Tubes to blood
Movement of molecules out of the various segments of the tubule and into the peritubular blood
(The proximal kidney tubule or nephron)

60
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Glass like
Most prevalent type
Found in the support rings of the respiratory tract and covering the ends of bones

61
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Strongest and most durable type
Matrix is rigid and filled with dense packing of strong white collagen fibers, in the intervertebral disks and menisci

62
Q

Elastic

A

Contains few collagen fibers but a large number of very fine elastic fibers
Create flexibility especially in the ears and larynx

63
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Offer limited movement in certain circumstances. the two subtypes are synchondroses and symphyses

64
Q

Diarthroses

A

Most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex joints. Are freely movable joints
- uniaxial -> hinge and pivot, movement on one axis and one plane
- biaxial -> saddle and condyloid, movement on two axis and two planes
- multiaxial -> ball in socket and gliding, movement on three or more planes and three or more axis

65
Q

The two types of bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow - prominent in children and infants (in charge of production of RBCs)
Yellow bone marrow - prominent in adults (hematopoietic stem cells replaced with adipocytes)

66
Q

The three types of muscles

A

Cardiac: striated, involuntary, intercalated disks
Skeletal: striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei
Smooth: nonstriated, involuntary, visceral

67
Q

What is the contractile unit of a muscle
The steps of muscle contraction

A

Sarcomere

1) an electrical signal (action potential) down the motor neuron
2) stimulating the motor unit
3) Ach is released within the NMJ
4) depolarizing the sarcolemma
5) action potential travels down the t-tubules
6) stimulating the sarcoplasmic reticulum
7) releases Ca++ ions

68
Q

When you combine a muscle cell and a neuron what do you get

A

Motor unit

69
Q

The lobes of the brain

A

Parietal: receives and interprets sensory information form the skin
Frontal: conscious thought and motor movements
Temporal: processes auditory information
Occipital: processes visual information
Insula: represents emotions and feelings
Cerebellum: language, decision making, conscious thought (last to receive sensory input)

70
Q

Neuron
Glia

A

Neurons - the wiring of the nervous system
Glia - the supporting cell of the nervous system

71
Q

The five types of glia cells

A

Astrocytes - provide the metabolic feeding and blood brain barrier to neurons
Microglia - the phagocytic cells that help remove bacteria and debris
Ependymal cells - for thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS
Schwann cells - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS

72
Q

White matter
Grey matter

A

White - consists of myelinated exceeding (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts

Grey - contains cell bodies, densities and short, unmyelinated axons

73
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system
- SNS (carries information to the somatic effectors “skeletal muscles”)
- ANS (Carrie’s information to the autonomies and visceral effectors)
Parasympathetic - “resting and digesting”
Sympathetic - “Fight or flight”

74
Q

CNS

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

75
Q

The types of glia cells

A

Astrocytes - provide the metabolic feeding and blood brain barrier to neurons
Microglia - the phagocytic cells that help remove bacteria and debris
Ependymal cells - form thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS
Schwann cells - produce the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS

76
Q

What structure links the endocrine and nervous system together

A

The hypothalamus

77
Q

Insulin
Glucagon

A

Beta cells - insulin -> work to decrease blood sugar levels
Alpha cells - glucagon -> work to increase blood sugar levels

78
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone
- stimulates osteoclasts to increase the blood calcium levels

79
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • stimulates osteoblasts to decrease blood calcium levels
80
Q

What hormones regulate the sleep cycle

A

Melatonin and the biological clock

81
Q

What hormone is associated with water loss

A

Antidiuretic hormone
- maintains water balance in the body

82
Q

Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Cell fibers

A

Cytoplasm - a gel-like substance of cells that contain many tiny suspended structures
Cytosol - “Little organs,” membranous, non-membranous
Cytoskeleton - the internal scaffolding that helps the cell maintain shape
Cell fibers - the cytoskeleton which supports and anchors the other cellular structures in the body

83
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell. The central processing center

84
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum: the manufacturing center

85
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes: where protein synthesis happens and enzymes are created which are functional and structural proteins

86
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The processing and packaging plant

87
Q

Mitochondria

A

The powerhouse of the cell

88
Q

Centrosome

A

Centrosome - an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
‘Microtubule-organizing center”

Human Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions