Chapter 2 Flashcards
Chemistry
The study of matter and energy
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space
Elements
Matter that can not be broken down
Example of elements
Ie: water H20
“Pure”
Compounds
Two or more elements that are joined to form chemical combinations.
Example of a compound
Water or H2O
The four parts of basic chemistry define
Atom- the smallest component of an elements
Protons- positively charged particles
Neutrons- particle with no charge
Electrons- negatively charged particles
Isotopes are
Atoms that have a different number of neutrons
- all atoms or an element have the same number of neutrons
- isotopes are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
Isotopes have a different what?
Isotopes have a different atomic mass
What are unstable isotopes called?
Radioisotopes
Characteristics of radioisotopes
They give off energy (radiation)
Dating fossils (carbon-14), diagnostic imaging, cancer treatment, power supply for implants like cardiac pacemakers
Free radicals are?
- a atom or molecule with one or more unpaired electrons, highly reactive, can damage proteins, and DNA, may speed up the cellular aging process
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds
1) ionic
2) covalent
3) hydrogen
Define atom
Smallest component of an element. Contains protons, neutrons, and electrons
Define atomic symbol with example
One or more letters Ie: Na -> sodium
O -> oxygen
Define atomic number
Number of protons, always the same number of any atom of a particular element.
Atomic mass
Roughly equal to the number of protons plus neutrons. average of the AMU for all isotopes of that atom.
When does the number of protons = the number of electrons
In an electrically neutral atom
Explain covalent bonds
- covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons, have very strong bonds, are non-polar (O2) when electrons are shared equally, are polar (H2O) when electrons are not shared equally.
Explain Ionic bonds
Ions - Are an electrically charged atom or molecule.
How are ironic bonds positively charged
They are a positively charged ion -> forms if an atom or molecule loses electrons
How are ionic bond negatively charged
Negatively charged ions form if an atom or molecule gains electrons
Define ionic bond
Attractive force between oppositely charged ions (example: NaCl)
Explain polar molecules
They contain polar covalent bond in which there is unequal charting of electrons.
They are electrically neutral overall, but with uneven charge distribution
Explain hydrogen bonds
Weak attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules. And example would be weak forces between water molecules
Water is what
The most abundant chemical compound in living human cells
Intra =s what
Inter/extra =s what
Inside (within the cell) (interstitial fluid) 35-38%
Outside (blood plasma) 62-65%
+ = ———
- = ———
+ = cation
- = anion
Solvent -
Liquid in which other substances dissolve
Solute
Any dissolved substance
Hydrophilic -
Polar molecules that are attracted to water and interact with water easily
hydrophilic means what?
Water loving
Hydrophobic -
No polar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water
Hydrophobic means what?
Water hating
Percentages of water in parts of the body
% of each cell?
Skin?
Blood?
Brain?
Bones?
Muscles?
Connective tissue?
Fat?
Water is 65-90% of each cell
Skin = 70%
Blood = 83%
Brain = 75%
Bones = 22%
Muscles = 75% (most metabolically active in the body)
Connective tissue = 60%
Fat = 20 % (dry)
Intercellular fluid
Fluid that is found inside the cell 62-65%
Extracellular fluid
Not inside cells
Hydrolysis
A catabolic process in which a compound unties with water and then splits into complex compounds
- breaking apart by adding more water
Dehydration synthesis
An anabolic process in which a compound removes water as a smaller subunits fused
- building up to remove water
What is the pH scale used for and what do the number mean
The pH scale is used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. This is done by measuring hydrogen in conclusion to a solution.
what is a neutral ph
When the pH is = 7
What is a acidic pH
When the pH < 7
what is a basic pH
When the pH is > 7
When is the pH most acidic
The lower the pH goes the more acidic it becomes
Define buffer
A substance that prevents marked changed in pH of a solution when acid or a base is added to it.
What can the body do with glycogen or glucose
Turn it into ATP or energy
Most of this will be reversible
Monosaccharides are what
Simple sugars -> glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose,
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group are?
Have one end of the molecule being water soluble. the other end is water insoluble
Proteins
Large bio molecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids
Amino acids
21 natural amino acids ——- and ——-
Compounds that make up the building blocks of proteins
21 total amino acids with 9 being essential and 12 being non-essential
Main use of a cell
To create protein for the body. If the cell is damaged then it can not produce as much protein.
Water is considered what
The biological solvent
Carbohydrates are usually what
1) made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. While typically composed in a ratio of 1:2:1
2) they are the primary source of fuel in the human body
What are the types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - simple sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose
Disaccharides - are two monosaccharide linked together
Polysaccharides - thousands joined together
Disaccharides
Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Maltose: glucose + glucose
Lactose: glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides
Starch: made in plants; stores energy
Glycogen: made in animals; stores energy
Cellulose: indigestible poly made in plants for support
Lipids and the two types
Lipids are water insoluble organic bio-molecules
Triglycerides- primary energy fat burning source, the most concentrated.
- fats and oils, have glycerol and 3 fatty acids (saturated in fats all single bonds, unsaturated in oils, includes some double bonds)
Phospholipids- fat compounds like triglycerides, 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol head and a phosphate group is attached (has a nitrogen containing compound)
Proteins
Large bio molecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids
Nucleic acids
Polymers of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules called nucleotides
What are nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids also known as monomers
What is adenosine triphosphate
A very important molecule composed of an adenine and ribosome sugar to which are attached a string of 3 phosphate groups (energy)
Creatine phosphate
Compound combines with ADP to become ATP
CP + ADP -> A + P +Cr
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Carries electrons from one metabolic pathway to another
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
High energy compound that carries electrons from one metabolic pathway to another
What are most stable atoms
Most stable atoms -> all shells are filled, all electrons are paired with another electron.
Lipids are what
Water loving
Lipids are water what
They have water loving heads and water hating tails
Lipids are water insoluble
They are water loving
Phospholipids have a glycerol head that is water loving with the rest being water fearing
Synthesis does what
Synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids to produce more water molecules
What does breakdown do
Breakdown or carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids to consume water molecules
Peptide bonds are?
Binds the carboxyl group of the amino acids to the amino group of another amino acid
Interstitial fluid
Fluid that flows within the microscopic spaces between the cells
Blood plasma
Accounts for about 20% of extra cellular fluid
Define non-polar
When electrons are shared equally
Define polar
When electrons are shared unequally
