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Human Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter and energy

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

Elements

A

Matter that can not be broken down

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4
Q

Example of elements

A

Ie: water H20
“Pure”

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5
Q

Compounds

A

Two or more elements that are joined to form chemical combinations.

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6
Q

Example of a compound

A

Water or H2O

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7
Q

The four parts of basic chemistry define

A

Atom- the smallest component of an elements
Protons- positively charged particles
Neutrons- particle with no charge
Electrons- negatively charged particles

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8
Q

Isotopes are

A

Atoms that have a different number of neutrons
- all atoms or an element have the same number of neutrons
- isotopes are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

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9
Q

Isotopes have a different what?

A

Isotopes have a different atomic mass

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10
Q

What are unstable isotopes called?

A

Radioisotopes

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11
Q

Characteristics of radioisotopes

A

They give off energy (radiation)
Dating fossils (carbon-14), diagnostic imaging, cancer treatment, power supply for implants like cardiac pacemakers

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12
Q

Free radicals are?

A
  • a atom or molecule with one or more unpaired electrons, highly reactive, can damage proteins, and DNA, may speed up the cellular aging process
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13
Q

What are the three kinds of chemical bonds

A

1) ionic
2) covalent
3) hydrogen

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14
Q

Define atom

A

Smallest component of an element. Contains protons, neutrons, and electrons

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15
Q

Define atomic symbol with example

A

One or more letters Ie: Na -> sodium
O -> oxygen

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16
Q

Define atomic number

A

Number of protons, always the same number of any atom of a particular element.

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17
Q

Atomic mass

A

Roughly equal to the number of protons plus neutrons. average of the AMU for all isotopes of that atom.

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18
Q

When does the number of protons = the number of electrons

A

In an electrically neutral atom

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19
Q

Explain covalent bonds

A
  • covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons, have very strong bonds, are non-polar (O2) when electrons are shared equally, are polar (H2O) when electrons are not shared equally.
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20
Q

Explain Ionic bonds

A

Ions - Are an electrically charged atom or molecule.

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21
Q

How are ironic bonds positively charged

A

They are a positively charged ion -> forms if an atom or molecule loses electrons

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22
Q

How are ionic bond negatively charged

A

Negatively charged ions form if an atom or molecule gains electrons

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23
Q

Define ionic bond

A

Attractive force between oppositely charged ions (example: NaCl)

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24
Q

Explain polar molecules

A

They contain polar covalent bond in which there is unequal charting of electrons.
They are electrically neutral overall, but with uneven charge distribution

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25
Q

Explain hydrogen bonds

A

Weak attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules. And example would be weak forces between water molecules

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26
Q

Water is what

A

The most abundant chemical compound in living human cells

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27
Q

Intra =s what
Inter/extra =s what

A

Inside (within the cell) (interstitial fluid) 35-38%
Outside (blood plasma) 62-65%

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28
Q

+ = ———
- = ———

A

+ = cation
- = anion

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29
Q

Solvent -

A

Liquid in which other substances dissolve

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30
Q

Solute

A

Any dissolved substance

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31
Q

Hydrophilic -

A

Polar molecules that are attracted to water and interact with water easily

32
Q

hydrophilic means what?

A

Water loving

33
Q

Hydrophobic -

A

No polar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water

34
Q

Hydrophobic means what?

A

Water hating

35
Q

Percentages of water in parts of the body
% of each cell?
Skin?
Blood?
Brain?
Bones?
Muscles?
Connective tissue?
Fat?

A

Water is 65-90% of each cell
Skin = 70%
Blood = 83%
Brain = 75%
Bones = 22%
Muscles = 75% (most metabolically active in the body)
Connective tissue = 60%
Fat = 20 % (dry)

36
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

Fluid that is found inside the cell 62-65%

37
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Not inside cells

38
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A catabolic process in which a compound unties with water and then splits into complex compounds
- breaking apart by adding more water

39
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

An anabolic process in which a compound removes water as a smaller subunits fused
- building up to remove water

40
Q

What is the pH scale used for and what do the number mean

A

The pH scale is used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. This is done by measuring hydrogen in conclusion to a solution.

41
Q

what is a neutral ph

A

When the pH is = 7

42
Q

What is a acidic pH

A

When the pH < 7

43
Q

what is a basic pH

A

When the pH is > 7

44
Q

When is the pH most acidic

A

The lower the pH goes the more acidic it becomes

45
Q

Define buffer

A

A substance that prevents marked changed in pH of a solution when acid or a base is added to it.

46
Q

What can the body do with glycogen or glucose

A

Turn it into ATP or energy
Most of this will be reversible

47
Q

Monosaccharides are what

A

Simple sugars -> glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose,

48
Q

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group are?

A

Have one end of the molecule being water soluble. the other end is water insoluble

49
Q

Proteins

A

Large bio molecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids

50
Q

Amino acids
21 natural amino acids ——- and ——-

A

Compounds that make up the building blocks of proteins
21 total amino acids with 9 being essential and 12 being non-essential

51
Q

Main use of a cell

A

To create protein for the body. If the cell is damaged then it can not produce as much protein.

52
Q

Water is considered what

A

The biological solvent

53
Q

Carbohydrates are usually what

A

1) made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. While typically composed in a ratio of 1:2:1
2) they are the primary source of fuel in the human body

54
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides - simple sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose
Disaccharides - are two monosaccharide linked together
Polysaccharides - thousands joined together

55
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Maltose: glucose + glucose
Lactose: glucose + galactose

56
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch: made in plants; stores energy
Glycogen: made in animals; stores energy
Cellulose: indigestible poly made in plants for support

57
Q

Lipids and the two types

A

Lipids are water insoluble organic bio-molecules
Triglycerides- primary energy fat burning source, the most concentrated.
- fats and oils, have glycerol and 3 fatty acids (saturated in fats all single bonds, unsaturated in oils, includes some double bonds)
Phospholipids- fat compounds like triglycerides, 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol head and a phosphate group is attached (has a nitrogen containing compound)

58
Q

Proteins

A

Large bio molecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids

59
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules called nucleotides

60
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids also known as monomers

61
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate

A

A very important molecule composed of an adenine and ribosome sugar to which are attached a string of 3 phosphate groups (energy)

62
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Compound combines with ADP to become ATP
CP + ADP -> A + P +Cr

63
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

Carries electrons from one metabolic pathway to another

64
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

A

High energy compound that carries electrons from one metabolic pathway to another

65
Q

What are most stable atoms

A

Most stable atoms -> all shells are filled, all electrons are paired with another electron.

66
Q

Lipids are what

A

Water loving

67
Q

Lipids are water what

A

They have water loving heads and water hating tails

68
Q

Lipids are water insoluble

A

They are water loving
Phospholipids have a glycerol head that is water loving with the rest being water fearing

69
Q

Synthesis does what

A

Synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids to produce more water molecules

70
Q

What does breakdown do

A

Breakdown or carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids to consume water molecules

71
Q

Peptide bonds are?

A

Binds the carboxyl group of the amino acids to the amino group of another amino acid

72
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that flows within the microscopic spaces between the cells

73
Q

Blood plasma

A

Accounts for about 20% of extra cellular fluid

74
Q

Define non-polar

A

When electrons are shared equally

75
Q

Define polar

A

When electrons are shared unequally

Human Biology (25 decks)

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