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Human Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

Unlike plants that can combine CO2 and water in the pretense of sunlight making organic molecules….
(Sunlight) CO2 + H2O ———> organic molecules
- humans must obtain organic molecules from food…
Human ———> Ingested foods (we are what we eat)

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2
Q

Primary mechanisms of the digestive system

A

Ingestion - taking in food/nutrition
Digestion - large -> small
Motility - movement
Secretion - digestive juices (enzymes, acids, mucus, etc.)
Absorption - taking up nutrients
Elimination - Poop
Regulation - coordination of digestion activity

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3
Q

Upper digestion tract

A
  • the main organ of the digestive system forms a tube that goes all the way through the ventral cavities of the body, open at both ends
  • this tube is squally referred to as digestive tract of alimentary canal
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4
Q

Alimentary canal length

A

Approximately 30 feet in length

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5
Q

Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) refers to?

A

This refers to only the stomach and intestines

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6
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A

Upper: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
Lower:
- small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum
- Anal canal
Accessory: salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix

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7
Q

Serosa

A

“Serous layer”
- outermost later of the GI wall
- the serosa is actually the visceral layer of the peritoneum
- serous member that lines the abdominalpelvic cavity and covers the organs
- the fold of the serous membrane shown that connects the parietal and visceral portions is called a mesentery (binding and protective layer)

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8
Q

Muscularis

A

“Muscular layer”
-thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa
-segmental contractions (muscularis externa) and peristaltic movements (physically pulverize and mix and churn food with digestive enzymes)
- muscle types: outer longitudinal, inner circular (sphincters), oblique (stomach)

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9
Q

Submucosa

A

-layer of the digestive tube that is compassed of connective tissue
- contains numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosa plexus
- absorbed molecules contains blood vessels and lymph vessels, glands and nerves

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10
Q

Mucosa

A

“Mucous layer”
-innermost layer of the GI wall, facing the lumen
-absorptive and major secretory layer
- types of cells found with or associated with the mucosa layer:
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
Parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acids
Mucous cells - secrete mucus
Argentaffin cells - secrete serotonin and histamine
G-cells - secrete gastrin

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11
Q

Layer of the mucosa layer

A

Epithelium: layer of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium or simple stratified columnar epithelium (GI tract), interspersed itch goblet cells
Lamina Propria: loose connective tissue with some blood and lymph vessels
Muscularis Mucosa: thin layer of smooth muscle tissue in a constant state of tension, which create undulating folds, increasing the surface area for digestion and absoprtion

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12
Q

Mouth -> teeth

A

Teeth:
-incisors - cutting and shearing food
Canines - (cupsids)- holding and tearing
Premolars (bicupsids)- crushing
Molars (millstone) - grinding

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13
Q

Mouth -> tongue

A

Tongue:
-move food around in the mouth
- assist in the swallowing of food
- articulation in speech
- taste

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14
Q

The mouth has?

A

Salivary glands - produce saliva. Salvia is a solvent which is involved in: cleansing teeth, dissolving food chemicals so they can be taste.
- contains enzymes which digest starch and mucus.
-lubricates the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
-secreted continuously
-> saliva flows from salivary glands to the mouth through ducts called (salivary ducts). Most saliva is produced by the three saliva glands: Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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15
Q

Pharynx

A
  • the act of swallowing moves a rounded mass of food (Bolus) from the mouth to the stomach
  • the bolus moves from the mouth, through the pharynx and through the esophagus
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16
Q

Esophagus

A
  • sits posterior in the neck
  • a collapsible, muscular, mucosa-lined tube about 25cm long, extend from the pharynx to the stomach and pierces the diaphragm in its descend from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity
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17
Q

Stomach

A
  • located below the diaphragm and liver, the digestive tube dilates into an elongated pouch like structure
  • is approximately five sixths of it mass to the left of the median line
  • Major division of the stomach: Fundus, Body, Pylorus (pylori sphincter)
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18
Q

Chief cells
Parietal cells
Endocrine cells

A

Chief cells - secrete the enzymes of gastric juice (pepsinogen)
Parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid
Endocrine cells - secrete ghrelin (GHRL); hormone that stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormones and increase appetite and gastric
GEGCPHA

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19
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Food reservoir, secrete gastric juices, secretes intrinsic factors, performs a limited amount of absorption, produce the hormone gastric

20
Q

Divisions of the small intestine explained

A

Duodenum: shortest section of the small intestine (10”); attaches to the pyloric end of the stomach
Jejunum: the point at which the small intestine turns abruptly forward and downward
Ileum: 12’ long; minimal line of demarcation between the jejunum and ileum

21
Q

Wall of the small intestine

A

The intestinal lining has circular plicae or villi
Plicae: circular folds
Villi: projections from the folds of the intestinal wall; each villus contains an arterial, Venice, and lymph vessel (lacteal)
- epithelium cells of the villi contain absorptive cells

22
Q

Division of the large intestine

A

Cecum: 2-3” long; a blind pouch located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Colon: ascending; transverse; descending; sigmoid
Rectum: the pact 7-8” of the intestinal tube

23
Q

Liver

A

-detoxification of the blood (hormones, drugs, etc)
- secretion of glucose, triglycerides, and ketone bodies
-production of plasma proteins
-bile production and secretion

24
Q

Pancreas

A
  • production of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains various enzymes with specific digestive functions:
    -> amylase - digest starch
    -> trypsin - digest proteins
    -> lipase - digest triglycerides
    -> endocrine function - (secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood
25
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • “sac-like” structure
    ‘ this organ stores and concentrates bile
26
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

-“worm-shape”
- 3-4” long found just behind the cecum
- the pep six serves a sort of “breeding ground” for non-pathogenic intestinal bacteria found throughout the colon

27
Q

mastication

A

chewing movements

28
Q

deglutation

A

swallowing: oral (mouth to oropharynx)

29
Q

pharyngeal

A

oropharynx to esophagus

30
Q

esophageal

A

esophagus to stomach

31
Q

mechanical digestion

A

mastication, deglutition, peristalsis, segmentation

32
Q

chemical digestion

A

hydrolysis, secretion

33
Q

the three stages of deglutition

A

1) oral stage
2) pharyngeal stage
3) esophageal stage

34
Q

propulsion

A

motility produced by smooth muscle
peristalsis - wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ
segmentation - mixing movements

35
Q

chemical digestion defined

A

all phases of chemical and mechanical digestion are aimed at or directed towards changing foods (molecules) into chemical forms that can diffuse through cells of the mucosa into the blood or lymph

36
Q

Diffusible forms for absorptions are:

A

carbohydrates: monosaccharides
proteins: amino acids
Lipids of fats: fatty acids and glycerol -> micelle

37
Q

absorption through chemical digestion

A

about 90% of all absorbed molecules (nutrients) takes place in the small intestine. The other 10% occurs in either the stomach or large intestine.
- absorption in the S.I. occurs, specifically, through the villi and depends on: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

38
Q

carbohydrate digestion

A

begins in the mouth and is finished in the small intestine
- Amylases: enzymes that assists in the breakdown of CHO; found in saliva and pancreatic juice

39
Q

protein digestion

A

proteases: catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins
Main proteases: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

40
Q

what does each kind of protease do in protein digestion

A

each kind of protease catalyzes the breaking apart of a specific kind of peptide bond

41
Q

lipid digestion

A

fats that are insoluble in water and must be emulsified
- emulsified: dispersed into very small droplets, before they can be digested. (Lecithin, Bile salts)
-micelles: tiny spheres that carry fat molecules
-lipase: main fat-digesting enzymes

42
Q

ASE =

A

Enzymes

43
Q

OSE =

A

Sugar

44
Q

Protein digestion begins and ends where

A

Protein digestion begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine

45
Q

Lipid digestion begins and ends where

A

Lipid digestion begins in the duodenum and ends in the intestine

Human Biology (25 decks)

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