chapter 10 Flashcards
respiratory functions
ventilation, gas exchange -internal and external (primary), oxygen utilization
non-respiratory functions
- elimination of volatile substances
- detoxification of blood
- synthesis of various types of molecules
- endocrine functions
- immunology
how do the cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together
synergistically
the thorax is
not the lungs
the upper respiratory tract —- and —–
starts with the nasal cavity and ends with the larynx (voice box)
the larynx separates what
the upper and lower respiratory tracts
upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx), larynx (voice box, marks the division between upper and lower respiratory tract)
lower respiratory tract
trachea
bronchi
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
Alveoli -> “Balloons”
- gas exchange
- end point
conducting division
“tubes”
passageway for air flow
warms and filters air
humidification (moistens)
volume referred to as dead space (VD L/breath)
30% of resting tidal volume
histology of conducting division
hyaline cartilage (more on the tracheal end)
smooth muscle cells (more on the bronchial end)
mucus producing cells
ciliated epithelial cells
respiratory division
“balloons”
gas exchange
volume referred to as alveolar volume (VA L/breath)
70% of resting tidal volume
histology of the respiratory division
Type 1 alveolar cells (simple squamous, where gas exchange occurs)
Type 2 alveolar cells (produces surfactant)
Macrophage (WBC -diapedesis)
Thorax pump
Bones:
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebra
Clavicle
Scapula
Thorax pump
Muscles:
Diaphragm
External and internal intercostal
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
Abdominal
The thorax does what
Is secondary and contracts down to increase volume into the thorax
Pleura
Surrounds the lungs
Tidal volume (VT)
Volume moved into or out of the respiratory tract during a normal respiratory cycle
-Normal in/out
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Maximum volume that can be moved into the respiratory tract after a normal inspiration
- maximum in after normal tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Maximum volume that can be move out of the respiratory tract after a normal expiration
- max out after normal tidal expiration
Residual volume (RV)
Volume remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum expiration
-Air you can’t get out
Vital capacity (VC)
VT + IRV + ERV (tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume)
-max in and out max out -> max in
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
VT + IRV (tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume)
- maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
ERV + RV (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
-volume in the lungs after tidal expiration
Total lung capacity (TLC)
VT + IRV + ERV + RV (tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
VC + RV
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
- Can also be called Forced Vital Capacity (FEV)
FEV/FVC test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the volume or air expired per second during forced expiration
FEV1
- The volume forcefully expired during the first second
- 83% of vital capacity = normal
- FEV2 = 94%
- FEV3 = 97%
Obstructive
Problem with “tubes”
Restrictive
Problem with “balloons”
Inspired air
Oxygen - 20.93%
Carbon dioxide - 0.03%
Nitrogen - 79.04%
Expired air
Oxygen - 14-17%
Carbon dioxide - 3-6%
Nitrogen - Balance!
BOyle’s law
Volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature
Inspiration defined
Expansion of the thorax = increasing volume = decreasing in intrapleural pressure
Expiration defined
Contraction of the thorax = decreasing volume = increase in intrapleural pressure
Fick’s law
The net gas diffusion rate across a fluid membranes is proportional to the membrane surface area (A), solubility of the gas in the membrane (S), and partial pressure (P), difference and inversely proportional to the membrane thickness (T).
Red blood cells (RBC)
Have binocave disks
No nucleus
No mitochondria
No ribosomes
Has hemoglobin (this is responsible for oxygen transport)
Large service area (relative to its volume)
Very flexible (changes shape)
In addition to hemoglobin what enzyme does a red blood cell contain
Carbonic anhydrase (CA)
Ambient pressure
- 760 mmHg
- Millimeters of mercury
- air in the alveoli at the end of one expiration and before the beginning or another inspiration also exerts a pressure of 760mmHg.
- we need those molecules in order to change the volume, change the pressure gradients, in order to create flow!
Oxygen transportation
Hemoglobin
Plasma
Carbon dioxide transportation
Hemoglobin
Plasma
Carbonic acid
“All biological processes are dependent upon oxidative phosphorylation”
- your body and Dr. Dale Brown
- everything that you do as a person requires oxygen
- metabolism will dictate oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
- carbon dioxide and H+ will also determine your respiratory rate
Respiration is controlled by?
Respiration is controlled by the ventilation centers located within the medulla oblongata
These centers respond primarily to changes in CO2, O2, and pH levels in the blood
Ventilation control centers
- Dorsal respiratory group (DRG): maintains constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the dial rang and external intercostals
- ventral respiratory group (VRG): involved in forced breathing (inspiration/expiration) by stimulating accessory muscles
- Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG):
- apneustic center: stimulate the DRG; controlling the depth of inspiration
- pneumotaxic center: inhibit DRG; allowing relaxation after inspiration
