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Human Biology > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory functions

A

ventilation, gas exchange -internal and external (primary), oxygen utilization

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2
Q

non-respiratory functions

A
  • elimination of volatile substances
  • detoxification of blood
  • synthesis of various types of molecules
  • endocrine functions
  • immunology
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3
Q

how do the cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together

A

synergistically

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4
Q

the thorax is

A

not the lungs

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5
Q

the upper respiratory tract —- and —–

A

starts with the nasal cavity and ends with the larynx (voice box)

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6
Q

the larynx separates what

A

the upper and lower respiratory tracts

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7
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx), larynx (voice box, marks the division between upper and lower respiratory tract)

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8
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea
bronchi
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
Alveoli -> “Balloons”
- gas exchange
- end point

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9
Q

conducting division

A

“tubes”
passageway for air flow
warms and filters air
humidification (moistens)
volume referred to as dead space (VD L/breath)
30% of resting tidal volume

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10
Q

histology of conducting division

A

hyaline cartilage (more on the tracheal end)
smooth muscle cells (more on the bronchial end)
mucus producing cells
ciliated epithelial cells

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11
Q

respiratory division

A

“balloons”
gas exchange
volume referred to as alveolar volume (VA L/breath)
70% of resting tidal volume

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12
Q

histology of the respiratory division

A

Type 1 alveolar cells (simple squamous, where gas exchange occurs)
Type 2 alveolar cells (produces surfactant)
Macrophage (WBC -diapedesis)

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13
Q

Thorax pump
Bones:

A

Ribs
Sternum
Vertebra
Clavicle
Scapula

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14
Q

Thorax pump
Muscles:

A

Diaphragm
External and internal intercostal
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus
Abdominal

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15
Q

The thorax does what

A

Is secondary and contracts down to increase volume into the thorax

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16
Q

Pleura

A

Surrounds the lungs

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17
Q

Tidal volume (VT)

A

Volume moved into or out of the respiratory tract during a normal respiratory cycle
-Normal in/out

18
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Maximum volume that can be moved into the respiratory tract after a normal inspiration
- maximum in after normal tidal volume

19
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Maximum volume that can be move out of the respiratory tract after a normal expiration
- max out after normal tidal expiration

20
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum expiration
-Air you can’t get out

21
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

VT + IRV + ERV (tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume)
-max in and out max out -> max in

22
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

VT + IRV (tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume)
- maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration

23
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

ERV + RV (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
-volume in the lungs after tidal expiration

24
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

VT + IRV + ERV + RV (tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
VC + RV

25
Q

Forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A
  • Can also be called Forced Vital Capacity (FEV)
    FEV/FVC test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the volume or air expired per second during forced expiration
26
Q

FEV1

A
  • The volume forcefully expired during the first second
    - 83% of vital capacity = normal
    - FEV2 = 94%
    - FEV3 = 97%
27
Q

Obstructive

A

Problem with “tubes”

28
Q

Restrictive

A

Problem with “balloons”

29
Q

Inspired air

A

Oxygen - 20.93%
Carbon dioxide - 0.03%
Nitrogen - 79.04%

30
Q

Expired air

A

Oxygen - 14-17%
Carbon dioxide - 3-6%
Nitrogen - Balance!

31
Q

BOyle’s law

A

Volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature

32
Q

Inspiration defined

A

Expansion of the thorax = increasing volume = decreasing in intrapleural pressure

33
Q

Expiration defined

A

Contraction of the thorax = decreasing volume = increase in intrapleural pressure

34
Q

Fick’s law

A

The net gas diffusion rate across a fluid membranes is proportional to the membrane surface area (A), solubility of the gas in the membrane (S), and partial pressure (P), difference and inversely proportional to the membrane thickness (T).

35
Q

Red blood cells (RBC)

A

Have binocave disks
No nucleus
No mitochondria
No ribosomes
Has hemoglobin (this is responsible for oxygen transport)
Large service area (relative to its volume)
Very flexible (changes shape)

36
Q

In addition to hemoglobin what enzyme does a red blood cell contain

A

Carbonic anhydrase (CA)

37
Q

Ambient pressure

A
  • 760 mmHg
    • Millimeters of mercury
  • air in the alveoli at the end of one expiration and before the beginning or another inspiration also exerts a pressure of 760mmHg.
    • we need those molecules in order to change the volume, change the pressure gradients, in order to create flow!
38
Q

Oxygen transportation

A

Hemoglobin
Plasma

39
Q

Carbon dioxide transportation

A

Hemoglobin
Plasma
Carbonic acid

40
Q

“All biological processes are dependent upon oxidative phosphorylation”
- your body and Dr. Dale Brown

A
  • everything that you do as a person requires oxygen
  • metabolism will dictate oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
  • carbon dioxide and H+ will also determine your respiratory rate
41
Q

Respiration is controlled by?

A

Respiration is controlled by the ventilation centers located within the medulla oblongata
These centers respond primarily to changes in CO2, O2, and pH levels in the blood

42
Q

Ventilation control centers

A
  • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG): maintains constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the dial rang and external intercostals
  • ventral respiratory group (VRG): involved in forced breathing (inspiration/expiration) by stimulating accessory muscles
  • Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG):
    • apneustic center: stimulate the DRG; controlling the depth of inspiration
    • pneumotaxic center: inhibit DRG; allowing relaxation after inspiration

Human Biology (25 decks)

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