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Human Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lymphatic and immune system

A

Has the lymphatic vessels and organs
- the lymphatic system and the immune system are so strongly associated with one another that the two are virtually indistinguishable.

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2
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels, cells, and organs that carry excess fluids to the blood stream and filters pathogen fro the blood.

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3
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillaries that transport dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins to the blood stream.

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4
Q

Provide two examples of connections between the lymphatic and immune systems

A
  • swelling of the lymph nodes via the lymphatic vessels
  • transport of lymphocytes via the lymphatic vessels
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5
Q

Functions of the lymphatic and immune systems

A

Homeostasis mechanism
Absorption and transportation: fats, proteins, fat-soluble nutrients (A, D, E, and K), other nutrients
Fluid balance - drains excessive interstitial fluid
Hematopoiesis - formation of new blood cells
Immune function

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid (IF)

A

Fills the spaces between the cells, is not the simple fluid that it seems to be
- interstitial fluid and blood plasma together constitute the extracellular fluid compartment of the body (internal environment of the body)

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7
Q

Passages
Lymph
Pump

A

Lymph vessels
Fluid
Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

“Lymphatics” - originate as microscopic blind-end vessels called lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A
  • consist of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells
  • slightly larger than blood capillaries
  • allow interstitial fluid to flow in but NOT out
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10
Q

Lymphatic anatomy

A

Lymph vessel resemble veins in structure with these exceptions:
- lymphatics have thinner walls
- lymphatics contain more valves
- lymphatics contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course

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11
Q

Lymph and interstitial fluid together

A
  • lymphatic networks are in the intercellular (interstitial) spaces and are widely distributed throughout the entire body. - however they are not located throughout the whole body
  • As a rule: lymphatic and blood capillary networks lie side by side but are always independent of each other.
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12
Q

The two lymphatic collecting ducts

A

Thoracic duct- the main collecting duct of the lymphatics, received lymph from the whole body, EXCEPT THE UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT
Right lymphatic duct - drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body

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13
Q

Lymphatic pump

A
  • there is no muscular pumping organ connected with the lymph system.
    -However, the movement of blood, keeps lymph moving slowly throughout the day
  • lymph flows though the thoracic duct and renters the general circulation (3 liters per day)
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14
Q

Lymphokinesis:

A

Movement, or flow of lymph
- the two primary mechanisms are?
Skeletal
Thorax (inspiration)

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15
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are reticular “lymph glands”
- oval/bean shaped structures (1-2.5mm), that act like filters
- located in intervals along the lymphatic vessels
- remove microorganisms, debris, and abnormal cells.
- nodes are composed of connective tissue, macrophages, and lymphocytes. They act as filters, to cleanse the lymph as it passes through them

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16
Q

Lymph enter and exits nodes how

A

Lymph moves into a node by way of afferent lymphatic vessels and emerges by one or more efferent vessels

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17
Q

Sinus channels

A

Sinus channels slow the lymph flow

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18
Q

Reticuloendothelial cells

A
  • mechanical filtration
  • biological filtration (phagocytosis)
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19
Q

Tonsils are?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue
Located in the pharyngeal lymphoid ring
First line of defense: filter food and air entering the throat

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20
Q

Types of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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21
Q

Thymus is?

A

Primary organ of the lymphatic system, two lobed; unpaired organ
Play a critical role in the fight against infection: has the site of maturation of T-cells (lymphocytes)

22
Q

The thymus secretes what

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin

23
Q

The spleen

A

The largest lymphatic organ
Located in the left abdominal cavity
Diseases that cause spleen enlargement involve: infectious mononucleosis, leukemia

24
Q

The two regions of the spleen

A

Red pulp: removes old and damaged red blood cells. Is temporary blood storage
White pulp: contains lymphocytes, searching pathogens

25
Q

Defense mechanisms include

A

Barriers to entry or ways of expelling or neutralizing pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms) before they do harm
- skin, stomach, acid, tears, vomiting

26
Q

Nonspecific defense mechanisms

A

Phagocytosis, inflammation

27
Q

Specific defense mechanisms

A

Immune response enables body to recognize and remove specific bacteria, other foreign cells, viruses
- antibodies
- T-cells

28
Q

Disease-causing agents include?

A

Living organisms: bacteria, fungi, parasites
Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotes
Fungi: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
Parasites: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

Non living infectious “particles”
-viruses
-prions

29
Q

Bacteria

A

Characteristics - prokaryotic (no membrane enclosed nucleus, non - membranous), single-celled, uses a variety of resources for growth and reproduction
Infections can be caused by: pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc.

30
Q

Bacteria can generally be treated with what?

A

Antibiotics

31
Q

Viruses

A

Extremely small, much smaller than bacteria
- living? Open to debate, unable to reproduce outside of a host cell; have no metabolic activity
- contain DNA or RNA, not both
Disease casued by viruses include: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, influenza, colds, warts, chicken pox, Ebola, hemorrhagic fever

32
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins
Normal proteins that are not folded correctly, the mid-folding become self-propagating which fills and disables the cell with protein debris
- can resist cooking, freezing, drying
-disease include, Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE, “mad cow disease”), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

33
Q

Transmissibility

A

How easily a pathogen is passed from person to person

34
Q

Mode of transmission

A

Respiratory, fecal-oral, body fluids, direct contact

35
Q

Virulence

A

How much damage is caused by the infection

36
Q

The two major categories of immune mechanisms

A

Innate immunity - in place or already present, the immunity we are born with, is “nonspecific immunity” provides a general defense
Adaptive immunity - responds to and changes to a specific threat, this is the immunity that you develop over time, “specific immunity” providing targeted defense

37
Q

First line of defense:

A

Barrier defenses: “mechanical and chemical barriers” (aka: skin and mucous)
Epithelial barriers: stop things from getting inside our body
Chemical barriers; mucous= traps pathogens; hydrochloride acid= GI mucosa = destroy pathogens

38
Q

Skin
Tears and saliva
Ear wax
Mucus
Stomach
Vagina
Vomiting, urination, defecation
Resident bacteria

A

Skin - An effective deterrent
Tears and saliva - Contain lysosome (antibacterial enzyme)
Ear wax - Entrap microorganisms
mucus - Entrap microorganisms
Stomach - Highly acidic, inhibits microorganisms
Vagina - Slightly acidic, inhibits some microorganisms
Vomiting, urination, defecation - Remove microorganisms
Resident bacteria - Outcompete pathogens

39
Q

Second line of defense

A

Inflammatory response
- if/when alien invaders break through the mechanical and chemical barriers inflammation occurs
- Swelling, redness, heat, fever, etc. (“nonspecific defense”)

40
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Cells release chemicals to attract WBCs

41
Q

Third line of defense

A

Adaptive immunity
Characteristics - recognizes and targets specific pathogens and foreign substances - has “memory” - “remembers” initial exposure and responds more quickly and aggressively on subsequent exposures
- able to distinguish between - “self” cells and foreign, “non-self” invaders
- healthy cells and abnormal (tumor) cells

42
Q

Third line of defense contains

A

Adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes:
B lymphocytes - “B-cells”
T lymphocytes - “T-cells”
Natural Killer cells - “NK cells”

43
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that triggers an immune response (cell markers)
- usually protein or polysaccharide on outer surface or invading cell or virus
- MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins
- Self-antigens that are on human cell surfaces, enabling recognition of “self”
- enable immune system to distinguish “self” from “non-self”

44
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Antibody-mediated immunity
- antibodies: proteins made by B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralize specific antigens
- active against viruses, bacteria, and soluble foreign molecules

45
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Cell-mediated immunity
- directly attack foreign cells
- coordinate the immune response
- active against parasites, viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, cells with “non-self” MHC

46
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Cell-mediate immunity: “cellular immunity”
T-cells: originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, attack pathogens more directly, at the cellular level

47
Q

Primary immune response

A

Occurs on first exposure to antigen
Characteristics - lag time of 3-6 days for antibody production, peaks at 10-12 days

48
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Occurs on second and subsequent exposure or antigen
Characteristics - lag time is hours, peaks in days, much more antibodies produced

49
Q

Immunization

A

Immunization - a strategy for causing the body to develop immunity to a specific pathogen
Active - intentionally expose individual to a form of the antigen that doesn’t produce disease (vaccine): also know as a vaccination
Passive - adjuster protective antibodies to an individual

50
Q

Allergies

A

Hypersensitivity reactions; inappropriate response to an allergen
Allergen: an substance (antigen) that causes and allergic reaction (not a pathogen, but the body reacts as though it is a pathogen)

51
Q

Examples of allergens:

A

Pollen
Bee venom
Foods (nuts, seafood)
Oil from poison ivy plant

Human Biology (25 decks)

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