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Human Biology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  • sense organs
  • receptors that make it possible for the body to response to changed in the external and internal environment
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2
Q

Sensation

A
  • a physical feeling or perception resulting from changes in or the contact with the body
  • occurs when receptor potential is reached
    - graded response, to the strength of a stimulus
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3
Q

Define special sense

A
  • smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
  • locally distributes in the body (tightly grouped)
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4
Q

Define general sense

A
  • touch, pain, pressure, temperature
  • widely distributed throughout the body
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5
Q

Receptors can be classified according to?

A

Location
Stimulus detection
Structure

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6
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Located on or very near the surface of the body
- respond to external changes

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7
Q

Visceroceptors (interceptors)

A
  • located internally, within the bodily organs
    - respond to internal environments (heat, stretch, chemicals)
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8
Q

Proprioceptors

A
  • specialized visceroceptor
  • located in skeletal muscle
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9
Q

Classifications of receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors - “deform” or change position of the receptor
Chemoreceptors - amount of the changed concentration of certain chemicals
Thermoreceptors - change in temperature
Nociceptors - any stimulus that rebuts in pain or tissue damage
Photoreceptors - light stimuli

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10
Q

The somatic sensations that arise form receptors

A
  • detect touch, pressure, vibration, pain and body position and movements
  • send impulses to the primary somatosensory area of parietal lobe of cerebral cortex
  • somatosensory area processes the information and send it to the primary motor areas in the frontal lobe.
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11
Q

The 5 sensory receptors in the skin

A

Unencapsulated dendrites: detect pain, light, pressure, changes in temperature
Merkel disks: detect light, touch, and pressure
Meissner’s corpuscles: detect beginning and end of light touch and pressure
Ruffini endings: respond to ongoing pressure
Pacinian corpuscles: detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

1) in joints: detect joint position
2) in skeletal muscles: muscle spindles, specialized Mechanoreceptors for monitoring muscle length, which relay information about limb position
3) in tendons: detect tension

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13
Q

Proprioception

A
  • the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself
    - specialized Mechanoreceptors
    • “muscle sense”
    • tells us the level of contraction and stretch in each skeletal muscles
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14
Q

The two types of proprioception stretch receptors

A
  • muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon receptors
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15
Q

Themoreceptors detecting temperature

A
  • themoreceptors near skin surface provide information about external environment
    • surface themoreceptors adapt quickly
  • themoreceptors in thoracic and abdominal organs monitor core temperature.
    • core temperature receptors do not adapt quickly
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16
Q

Pain receptors signal?

A
  • unencapsulated nerve endings respond to injury from excessive pressure, heat, light, or chemicals
  • fast paint (acute, sharp)
    • occurs very quickly
    • informs us of stimuli to be avoided
  • slow pain
    • occurs more slowly
    • originates in muscles or internal organs
    • referred pain may be perceive as originating in a different area of the body
17
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell
- olfactory epithelium consists of yellow-colored epithelial support cells, basal cells, and bipolar type of olfactory sensory neurons
- chemoreceptors

18
Q

Taste buds

A
  • sense organs that respond to
    - taste stimuli
  • most taste buds are associated with papillae
    - small, elevated projection on the tongue
19
Q

Types of tongue papillae

A

Fungiform: large mushroom-shaped bumps found int he anterior two thirds of the tongue surface
Circumvallate: huge, dome-shaped bumps that for a transverse row near the back of the tongue
Foliate: red, leaf-like ridge of mucosa on the lateral edges of the posterior tongue surface
Filiform: bumps with tiny, thread-like projections, scattered among the fungiform papillae

20
Q

Gustatory cells

A
  • chemoreceptors found in taste buds that are responsible for taste
  • stimulated by chemicals called tastants that dissolve in saliva
21
Q

The five primary taste sensations

A

Bitter
Salty
Sweet
Savory
Sour

22
Q

The sense of hearing and balance

A
  • The ear serves as a duel sensory organ
    • hearing and equilibrium (balance)
  • stimulation for both is the activation of Mechanoreceptors called hair cells
    • which are triggered by the displacement of fluid
23
Q

Middle ear

A
  • also called the tympanic cavity
  • a tiny epithelial-line cavity hollowed out of the temporal bone

Contains:
- tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- auditory ossicles:
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrups)

24
Q

Inner ear

A

Called the labyrinth
Bony labyrinth:
Vestibule
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
Membranous labyrinth:
Utricle
Saccule

25
Q

Main structure of the eye

A

Sclera
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Iris
Cornea

26
Q

Accessory structure of the eye

A

Eyebrows
Eyelashes
Eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus

27
Q

The layers of the eye

A

Fibrous layer: sclera, cornea
Vascular layer: choroid, ciliary body, iris
Inner layer: retina, optic nerve, retinal blood vessels

28
Q

Muscles of the eye

A

Extrinsic:
- skeletal muscle, that voluntarily moves the eyeball
Includes: superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles. Superior an inferior oblique muscles
Intrinsic:
- smooth muscles, located within the eye itself
- iris; ciliary muscles

29
Q

Regulating the amount of light

A
  • the iris (smooth muscle) causes pupils to constrict or dilate to control the amount of light entering the eye
30
Q

Focusing the image

A
  • involves bending of light by cornea and lens
  • accommodation
    - adjustment of lens curvature to enable focusing on near and far objects
    - made possible by ciliary muscles
    - ability to accommodate deteriorates with age
31
Q

Retina

A
  • allows us to see in color, adapt to varying light intensities, and perceive images
32
Q

The four layers of the retina

A

1) outermost: pigmented cells, absorb excess light
2) photoreceptors: rods and cones
3) bipolar cells: synapse with rods and cones
4) innermost: ganglion cells, axons become the optic nerve

33
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • rods and cones
    - response to light: photopigment (protein) changes shape
    - Rods: approximately 120 million
    - cones: approximately 6 million
  • one million ganglion cells
  • significant amount of convergence and summation
34
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Rhodopsin: photopigment within the rods
- more sensitive to light than photopigment in cones
- in dim light, vision primarily depends on rods
- rods do note enable color vision
- rods and cones are not evenly distributed on the retina
- regions of the retina farthest from the fovea have the highest ratio of rods to cones

35
Q

The cones providing color vision and accurate images

A
  • three types of cones enable color vision: red, green, and blue
  • brain interprets ratios of impulses combined from ganglion cells connected to the three kinds of cones
  • cones require stronger light to be activates
    • in dim light, we primarily use rods and don’t see color
  • cones responsible for visual acuity
36
Q

Visual receptors adjust how

A

Depends on:
- adjustment of pupil size by iris
- adaptation by the rods

Adaptation takes longer when going from light to dim light
- bright light “uses up” the rhodopsin temporarily
- takes several minutes to resynthesize rhodopsin

Human Biology (25 decks)

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