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Human Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphokinesis

A

Movement, or flow of lymph
- it flow throughout the thoracic duct and re-enters through the general circulation

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2
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillaries that transport dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins to the blood stream

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3
Q

Thoracic duct

A

The main collecting ducts of the lymphatics, receives lymph from the whole body except the upper right quadrant

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4
Q

The right lymphatic

A

Drains the lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body

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5
Q

First line of defense

A

The barrier defense, “mechanical or chemical”
- skin and mucous
- the epithelial defense stops things from getting inside our bodies
- the chemical defense has mucous that traps pathogens, hydrochloric acid that destroys pathogens

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6
Q

The 2nd line of defense

A
  • the inflammatory response, or “non-specific defense”
  • examples of inflammatory responses are swelling, redness, heat, and fever
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7
Q

3rd line of defense

A
  • adaptive immunity
  • can recognize and target specific pathogens and foreign substances; has memory and remembers the initial exposure and responds more quietly and aggressively on substance exposures
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8
Q

Innate immunity

A

In place or already present, something we are born with

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9
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Responds to and changes to specific threat. THe immunity that is developed over time.

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10
Q

B - lymphocytes
T - lymphocytes

A

B - lymphocytes -> antibody-mediated immunity, they are active against viruses, bacteria, and soluble foreign molecules.
- antibodies are proteins made by B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralize specific antigens
T - lymphocytes -> cell-mediated immunity, they directly attack foreign cells, and coordinate the immune response
- they are active against parasites, viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, cells with “non-self” MHC

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11
Q

The upper and lower digestive tracts structure

A

The upper: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx (oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopahrynx), the larynx (voice box) -> separates the upper and lower
The lower: trachea, bronchi, (primary, secondary, tertiary), bronchioles, alveoli

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12
Q

The flap separating the esophagus and trachea that closes when you perform the Val sal maneuver

A

The epiglottis

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13
Q

The conducting division

A

“Tubes”
- passageway for air flow
- warms and filters air
- humidification (moistens)
- volume of the conducting division is referred to as dead space (30% of tidal volume)

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14
Q

Respiratory division

A

“Balloons”
Gas exchange
The volume in the respiratory division is referred to as alveolar volume (70% of tidal volume)

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15
Q

Tidal volume (VT)

A

Volume moved in or out of the respiratory tract during a normal respiratory cycle
- normal in/out

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16
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The maximum volume that can be moved into the respiratory tract after a normal inspiration
- maximum in after tidal expiration

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17
Q

Expiratory reserves volume

A

The maximum volume that can be moved out of the respiratory tract after a normal expiration
- max out after normal tidal expiration

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18
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum expiration
(Air you can’t get out)

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19
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve +expiratory reserve
- maximum in and out if max out = max in

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20
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
- maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration

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21
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
- the volume in the lungs after tidal expiration

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22
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
= VC + RV

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23
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

The prescience of respiratory obstruction by measuring the volume of air expired per second during forced expiration

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24
Q

FEV1
FEV2
FEV3

A

1 = 83%
2 = 94%
3 = 97%

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25
Q

Obstructive
Restrictive

A

Problem with the tubes
Problem with the balloons

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26
Q

The two muscled associated with breathing out

A

Internal intercostals -> they enable forced expiration of the lungs by depressing on the ribs
Abs -> there is a contraction of abdominal muscles when breathing out

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27
Q

The pleura does what

A

The pleura protects the lungs
The outer layer is the parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall.
The innermost layer is the visceral pleura and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi.

28
Q

The alimentary canal

A
  • approximately 30 feet in length
  • (refers to the gastrointestinal tract)
29
Q

Gallbladder
Spleen
Salivary glands
Tongue
Teeth
Liver
Pancreas
Appendix

A

Spleen - largest lymphatic organ (red pulp - removes old and damaged red blood cells - storage; white pulp - has lymphocytes, and searching pathogens)
Salivary glands - produce saliva and are a solvent in cleansing the teeth, dissolving food chemicals so you can taste.
Tongue - moves food around in the mouth, assists in swallowing food, articulation of speech, tase
Teeth - incisors cut and shear food, canines hold and tear food, premolars crush food, molars grind food
Pancreas - produces pancreatic juices, and secrete glucose and triglycerides
Gallbladder - stores and concentrates biles
Liver -

30
Q

where does amylase come from

A

The pancreas and the salivary glands

31
Q

Large intestine

A

Cecum - 2-3” long, a blind pouch located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Colon - ascending; transverse; descending; sigmoid
Rectum: the last 7-8” of the intestinal tube

32
Q

Small intestine

A

Duodenum: shortest section of the small ingestion that attaches to the pyloric end of the stomach (10”)
Jejunum: the point at which the small intestine turns abruptly forward and downward
Ileum - 12’ long and marks the minimal line of demarcation between the jejunum and ileum

33
Q

Where is water absorbed
Where are nutrients absorbed

A

90% of water is absorbed in the small intestine
Nutrients are absorbed in the jejunum of the small intestine

34
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine
- the primary goal for carbs is to break down from glycogen into glucose and coming into the cells
- carbohydrates take up 45-65% of total calorie intake. 4 kcals/gram

35
Q

Protein digestion

A

Proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins and each kind of protease then catalyzes the breaking apart of a specific kind of peptide bond
- mechanical begins in the mouth and ends in the intestines. Chemical begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine
- 4 kcals/gram

36
Q

Lipid digestion

A

When fats become insoluble in water and must then be emulsified
- the majority of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine.
- 9 kcals/gram

37
Q

Serosa layer

A

The “serous” layer, which is the outermost layer of the GI tract wall, and is actually the visceral layer of the peritoneum
- it lines the abdominal pelvic cavity and covers the organs
- the fold of the serous membrane shown connects the parietal and visceral portions called the mesentery

38
Q

Muscular is

A
  • the “muscular” layer, the thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps itself around the submucosa,
  • uses segmental contraction, and peristaltic movements
  • out longitudinal, inner circular, oblique
39
Q

Submucosa

A
  • the layer of the digestive tube that is compassed of connective tissue (has numerous small glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosa plexus)
40
Q

Mucosa

A
  • the mucous layer, the innermost layer of the GI wall which faces the lumen.
  • is the absorptive and major secretory layer
  • chief cells - Pepsinogen; parietal cells - hydrochloric acid; mucous - mucus; argentaffin - serotonin and histamine; g-cells - gastrin
41
Q

Ureters
Urethra
Urinary bladder

A
  • muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
  • 3 layers of smooth muscles, lined with epithelial cells, stores urine (600 - 1,000ml)
  • Carrie urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Two sphincters that control this
42
Q

Nephrons

A

The functional unit of the kidney (1 million per kidney)

43
Q

Water coming in and out

A

The amount of water coming in must equal the amount coming out
- water from food accounts for 20-25% of total fluid intake
- water is 31.4%/ beverages is 43.6%

44
Q

Polyuria
Oliguria
Anuria

A

Polyuria - excessive urine production (>2.5 L/day)
Oliguria- decreased urine production (300-500ml/day)
Anuria - virtual absence of urine production (<50 ml/day)

45
Q

Antidiuretic hormone regulates what

A

Water balance
Increase or decrease of thirst
Influences water reabsorption in kidneys

46
Q

Filtration

A

The movement of water and protein-free volutes from plasma in the glomerulus, across the capsular membrane, and into the capsular space

47
Q

Reabsorption

A

Tubes -> blood

48
Q

Secretion

A

Blood -> tubes

49
Q

EPO

A

Stimulates the profusion of red blood cells
- triggers the increase in red blood cell production in bone marrow

50
Q

Aldosterone

A

An adrenal hormone that regulates sodium excretion
- increases Na+ reabsorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct

51
Q

Diaphysis

A

The main shaft-like portion, hollow, cylindrical and thick with compact bone

52
Q

Epiphyses

A

At the distal and proximal ends of the bone that provide points of muscle attachments and stability to the joints

53
Q

Chondrocyte

A
  • product the tough, rubbery ground substance for cartilage
  • found in the lacunae, and are similar to osteocytes
  • responsible for formation of cartilage
54
Q

Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Osteocyte

A
  • “bone - destroying”/ “bone - reabsorbing”
  • “bone - building”
  • “mature cells”
55
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Excessive bone loss

56
Q

Osteopenia

A

Bone loss

57
Q

Osteogenesis

A

The forming of new bone

58
Q

Red and yellow bone marrow

A

Red -> prominent in children and infants -> producing of red blood cells
Yellow -> prominent in older adults (what is being replaced by adipocytes

59
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases when blood Ca++ falls
Stimulates osteoclasts to secrete more bone-dissolving enzymes

60
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secretion increases when blood levels of Ca++ are high
Stimulates osteoblasts to add calcium and phosphate to bone

61
Q

What is it called when two bones meet

A

Joints or articulation

62
Q

Synovial

A

Uniaxial - one axis and one plane
Bi axial - two of both
Multiaxail - three or more o both

63
Q

Axial and appendicular

A

Axial - skull, vertebra, ribs
Appendicular - the limbs

64
Q

Two main parts of the nephrons

A

Renal corpuscle: glomerulus (capillaries), Bowman capsule (glomerular capsule)
Renal tubule: proximal ovulated tubule, Henley loop (nephron loop), distal consulates tubule

65
Q

Inspired air
Expired air

A

Oxygen - 20.93, carbon dioxide - 0.03, nitrogen - 79.04
Oxygen - 14-17, carbon dioxide - 3-6, nitrogen - balance

66
Q

Oxygen transportation
CO2 transportation

A

Hemoglobin, plasma
Hemoglobin, plasma, carbonic acid

67
Q

Metabolism how do we burn calories overall

A

Basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate (60-70%)
Physical activity (10-30%)
Thermogenesis (10%)

Human Biology (25 decks)

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