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Human Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood is a type of what

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Blood can do what

A

Can complexly transport medium to perform vital pickups and delivery services for the body
- internal and external respiration
- dropping off nutrients
- pick up wastes

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3
Q

Total blood volume does what

A

The total blood volume in the body is equal to about 8% of total body weight. (The higher body comp the lower the blood and the opposite is true)
- blood can also play a critical role in regulating heat

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4
Q

Blood is what three tings

A

Red in color always
Viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch (5x more viscous than water)
Normal blood temp is 38 degrees Celsius which is warmer than the human body

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5
Q

How much blood do males and females have

A

Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters

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6
Q

The four primary functions of blood are?

A

Transportation - delivers oxygen, nutrient, hormones, etc. then takes away: carbon dioxide and other waste products
Defense: leukocytes of white blood cells (WBCs) fight “alien” threats to the body. Thrombocytes or platelets form the body’s band-aids and prevent blood lose when vessels are damaged
Heat distribution: vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Maintenance of Homeostasis: pH balance, hydration, hormones

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7
Q

Formed elements

A

The terms used to describe various kinds of blood cells and cell fragments that are normally present in blood. (RBC, WBC, platelets) 45% of blood

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8
Q

Plasma

A

Watery fluid portion of the blood. Is 55% of blood
90% water, 10% solutes, (electrolytes, protein, glucose, etc)

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9
Q

Hematocrit

A

The volume percent of RBCs in the whole blood.

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10
Q

Hematocrit is considered?

A

Packed cell volume (PCV)

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11
Q

Pysiological polycythemia

A

“Many blood cells” (thinner air at higher altitude)

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12
Q

Anemia

A

The Deficiency of red blood cells

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13
Q

The three main types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells - RBC and erythrocytes
White blood cells - WBC and leukocytes
Platelets - thrombocytes

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14
Q

Red blood cells

A

Have binocave disks, no nucleus, no mitochondria, no ribosomes, has hemoglobin (responsible for oxygen transport), has a large surface area (relative to its volume; transports oxygen greater), is very flexible and can change shape

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Responsible for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- 4 protein chains (globins)
- each has a heme group
- each heme contains one iron
- these gases can always be dissolved in blood plasma

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16
Q

Red blood cells further defined

A

1 hemoglobin = 4 heme/1iron molecules
1 iron can bind with 1 O2 molecule
4 O2 molecules = full saturated hemoglobin
- 1 RBC = 300 million hemoglobin molecules, and 1.2 billion oxygen molecules in 1 RBC

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17
Q

Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin

A

1 hemoglobin molecule + 4 oxygen molecules
1 hemoglobin - oxygen molecules
1 hemoglobin molecule + carbon dioxide molecules

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18
Q

What enzymes do red blood cells contain

A

Hemoglobin
Carbonic Anyhydrase

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19
Q

Impacts of disorders of erythrocytes

A

The size, shape, and number of RBCs can have a major impact on a person’s health and wellness: there are more than 400 type of anemia and are generally classified into three group

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20
Q

Three major groups of anemia

A

Those caused by blood loss
Those caused by faulty or decreased production
Those caused by excessive destruction

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21
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

A genetic disorder in which an abnormal type of hemoglobin is produced, resulting in less oxygen concentration and delivery and sickle or crescent shaped cells

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22
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

The most common type of anemia
Results when the amount of available iron is insufficient to allow production of sufficient heme

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23
Q

Vitamin- deficient anemia

A

Generally, involve insufficient amounts of B12 and folate

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24
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Condition where there are deficient number of RBC stem cells

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25
Q

Thalassemia

A

Inherited condition in which RBC does not mature properly
- Cooley’s anemia

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26
Q

White blood cells: granulocytes

A

Include the three WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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27
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

WBCs without stained cytoplasmic granules
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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28
Q

Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear - HIGHLY MOBILE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

29
Q

Neutrophils -> phagocytes

A

(Cell eating)
Ingestion of bacteria or other material

30
Q

Neutrophils -> diapedesis

A

The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries - typically accompanying information

31
Q

Neutrophils are considered what

A

The most numerous granulocytes which go through phagocytosis

32
Q

Eosinophils

A

Weak phagocytic cells
Humerus in mucous membrane (respiratory, and digestive tracts)
Releases immune chemicals

33
Q

Eosinophils are important for what

A

Extremely important for immune response
- parasites
-allergic reactions (asthma)

34
Q

Basophils are

A

LEAST NUMEROUS OF THE WBC’s
1%
Are motile and capable of diapedesis
-contains: histamine (inflammatory chemical) and heparin (anticoagulant)

35
Q

Lymphocytes are

A

THE SMALLEST OF WBC’s, and the most numerous agranulocyte

36
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Directly attack infected of cancerous cells

37
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies against specific antigens
-plasma cells

38
Q

Monocytes

A

LARGEST OF WBC’s, motile, a strong phagocytic
- capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral infected cells

39
Q

The three disorders of leukocytes

A

Leukopenia: a condition in which too few leukocytes are produced (leukocytosis)
Leukemia: a cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes that do not function properly
- chronic: mature leukocytes assimilate and fail to die
- acute: an overproduction of young, immature leukocytes
Lymphoma: A form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or other tissue. Similar to leukemia these cells can not function properly and can lead to risk of infection

40
Q

Platelets to what

A

Play a critical role in homeostasis

41
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The stable condition of an organism and of its internal environment, maintenance or regulation of the stable condition, equilibrium

42
Q

The three major phases of platelets described

A

Vasoconstriction - when vessels shrink after injury of blood vessel are followed by spams of smooth muscle (decreased size of lumen)
Platelet plug - platelets begin to adhere to the damage endothelial lining to each other in and attempt to decrease blood flow. The platelets will undergo a transformation
Coagulation - “blood clotting”

43
Q

Platelets do what

A

They are small, irregular spindles or oval disks. As soon as blood is removed from a vessel, the platelets adhere to each other and to every surface they contact, in doing so, they assume various shapes and irregular forms.

44
Q

The three physical properties and critical role of platelets

A

Agglutination, adhesives, aggregation
They play a critical role in homeostasis and hemostasis

45
Q

Why vasoconstriction

A

To decrease blood flow and reduce bleeding

46
Q

Platelet plugs are extremely important in what

A

Controlling micro hemorrhages

47
Q

The three important steps of coagulation

A

1) activation pathways (chemicals release)
2) thrombin formation (sticky cells)
3) fibrin clot formation (fibrin adheres plug/clot)

48
Q

Hemocytoblasts form what which does what

A

They create all formed elements that exist
Which then splits in to myeloid and lymphoid. Lymphoid contains lymphocytes (t and B cells) myeloid contains everything else

49
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Blood production, “the creating of new blood cells”

50
Q

How does the process of hemopoiesis occur

A

When the yolk sac of the developing fetus, the medullary cavity of long bones for children and adolescents, cranial and pelvic bones; sternum, vertebrae, and proximal epiphyses of long bones in adults

51
Q

Extramedullary hemopoiesis

A

Occurs in the live and spleen

52
Q

Hemocytoblast, lymphoid stem cells, myeloid stem cells

A

Hemocytoblast - hemopoietic stem cells, the stem cell for all formed elements in the blood
Lymphoid stem cells - create lymphocytes (b-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, Natural killer cells)
Myeloid stem cells- create all other formed elements

53
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys when oxygen levels are low, increasing RBC production

54
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Glycoprotein hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys, which then triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets

55
Q

Cytokines

A

Glycoproteins secreted by a variety of cells, which trigger WBC production
- colony-stimulating factors
- interleukins
- inflammation = illness or sick person

56
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Erythrocyte production, in the marrow, occurs at a rate of more than 2 million (RBCs) cells per second. This production requires nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins,) and seven essential trace elements

57
Q

The four essential trace elements in erythrocyte production

A

Iron: essential for hemoglobin
Copper: essential for iron absorption and transportation
Zinc: functions as a co-enzyme to synthesis the hem portion of hemoglobin
B-vitamins: (B-12) - co-enzymes for DNA synthesis and creating new cells

58
Q

How long is the life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

59
Q

What do macrophages do with erythrocytes after 120 day

A

Degrade them and they are pooped out:
- Globin: proteins are broken down to be used in the production of new RBCs
- Iron: store din the liver or spleen praimrily as ferritin or hemosiderin (plays important roles with iron) carried through he blood stream by transferrin to restart the process
- non-iron: degraded into bilirubin, eventually converted into bile

60
Q

Lifecycle of leukocytes

A

Most leukocytes only live for hours or days.
- the production of all leukocytes beings in the bone marrow under the influence of cytokines (CSFs and interleukins)
- secondary production and maturation of lymphocytes occur in specific regions of lymphatic tissues called germinal centers

61
Q

Antigens

A

Cell markers on the RBC membrane

62
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobulin
Large y-shaped protein that neutralize the pathogens

63
Q

Explain the blood types

A

Type A - antigen A on RBCs and antibodies B
Type B - antigen B on RBCs and antibodies A
Type AB - both antigen A and B on RBCs no antibodies
Type O - neither antigen A or B on RBCs, has both A and B antibodies

64
Q

What is RH system

A

Rh- positive blood means that an Rh antigen is present

65
Q

What type of blood is the universal donor and why

A

Type O - no antigens

66
Q

What type of blood is the universal recipient and why?

A

Type AB+ because it has all antigens but no antibodies

67
Q

Why is blood type important

A

If the wrong blood type is given the RBCs antibodies will attack the blood and could lead to death

68
Q

Megakaryocytes produce what

A

Platelets

69
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Neutrophils - 60-70%
Lymphocytes - 20-40%
Monocytes - 3-10%
Eosinophils - 1-4%
Basophils - less than 1%

Human Biology (25 decks)

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