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Human Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a type of what

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Blood can do what

A

Can complexly transport medium to perform vital pickups and delivery services for the body
- internal and external respiration
- dropping off nutrients
- pick up wastes

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3
Q

Total blood volume does what

A

The total blood volume in the body is equal to about 8% of total body weight. (The higher body comp the lower the blood and the opposite is true)
- blood can also play a critical role in regulating heat

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4
Q

Blood is what three tings

A

Red in color always
Viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch (5x more viscous than water)
Normal blood temp is 38 degrees Celsius which is warmer than the human body

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5
Q

How much blood do males and females have

A

Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters

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6
Q

The four primary functions of blood are?

A

Transportation - delivers oxygen, nutrient, hormones, etc. then takes away: carbon dioxide and other waste products
Defense: leukocytes of white blood cells (WBCs) fight “alien” threats to the body. Thrombocytes or platelets form the body’s band-aids and prevent blood lose when vessels are damaged
Heat distribution: vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Maintenance of Homeostasis: pH balance, hydration, hormones

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7
Q

Formed elements

A

The terms used to describe various kinds of blood cells and cell fragments that are normally present in blood. (RBC, WBC, platelets) 45% of blood

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8
Q

Plasma

A

Watery fluid portion of the blood. Is 55% of blood
90% water, 10% solutes, (electrolytes, protein, glucose, etc)

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9
Q

Hematocrit

A

The volume percent of RBCs in the whole blood.

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10
Q

Hematocrit is considered?

A

Packed cell volume (PCV)

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11
Q

Pysiological polycythemia

A

“Many blood cells” (thinner air at higher altitude)

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12
Q

Anemia

A

The Deficiency of red blood cells

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13
Q

The three main types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells - RBC and erythrocytes
White blood cells - WBC and leukocytes
Platelets - thrombocytes

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14
Q

Red blood cells

A

Have binocave disks, no nucleus, no mitochondria, no ribosomes, has hemoglobin (responsible for oxygen transport), has a large surface area (relative to its volume; transports oxygen greater), is very flexible and can change shape

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Responsible for the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- 4 protein chains (globins)
- each has a heme group
- each heme contains one iron
- these gases can always be dissolved in blood plasma

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16
Q

Red blood cells further defined

A

1 hemoglobin = 4 heme/1iron molecules
1 iron can bind with 1 O2 molecule
4 O2 molecules = full saturated hemoglobin
- 1 RBC = 300 million hemoglobin molecules, and 1.2 billion oxygen molecules in 1 RBC

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17
Q

Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin

A

1 hemoglobin molecule + 4 oxygen molecules
1 hemoglobin - oxygen molecules
1 hemoglobin molecule + carbon dioxide molecules

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18
Q

What enzymes do red blood cells contain

A

Hemoglobin
Carbonic Anyhydrase

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19
Q

Impacts of disorders of erythrocytes

A

The size, shape, and number of RBCs can have a major impact on a person’s health and wellness: there are more than 400 type of anemia and are generally classified into three group

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20
Q

Three major groups of anemia

A

Those caused by blood loss
Those caused by faulty or decreased production
Those caused by excessive destruction

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21
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

A genetic disorder in which an abnormal type of hemoglobin is produced, resulting in less oxygen concentration and delivery and sickle or crescent shaped cells

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22
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

The most common type of anemia
Results when the amount of available iron is insufficient to allow production of sufficient heme

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23
Q

Vitamin- deficient anemia

A

Generally, involve insufficient amounts of B12 and folate

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24
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Condition where there are deficient number of RBC stem cells

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25
Thalassemia
Inherited condition in which RBC does not mature properly - Cooley’s anemia
26
White blood cells: granulocytes
Include the three WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
27
Agranulocytosis
WBCs without stained cytoplasmic granules Lymphocytes Monocytes
28
Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear - HIGHLY MOBILE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
29
Neutrophils -> phagocytes
(Cell eating) Ingestion of bacteria or other material
30
Neutrophils -> diapedesis
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries - typically accompanying information
31
Neutrophils are considered what
The most numerous granulocytes which go through phagocytosis
32
Eosinophils
Weak phagocytic cells Humerus in mucous membrane (respiratory, and digestive tracts) Releases immune chemicals
33
Eosinophils are important for what
Extremely important for immune response - parasites -allergic reactions (asthma)
34
Basophils are
LEAST NUMEROUS OF THE WBC’s 1% Are motile and capable of diapedesis -contains: histamine (inflammatory chemical) and heparin (anticoagulant)
35
Lymphocytes are
THE SMALLEST OF WBC’s, and the most numerous agranulocyte
36
T-lymphocytes
Directly attack infected of cancerous cells
37
B-lymphocytes
Produce antibodies against specific antigens -plasma cells
38
Monocytes
LARGEST OF WBC’s, motile, a strong phagocytic - capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral infected cells
39
The three disorders of leukocytes
Leukopenia: a condition in which too few leukocytes are produced (leukocytosis) Leukemia: a cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes that do not function properly - chronic: mature leukocytes assimilate and fail to die - acute: an overproduction of young, immature leukocytes Lymphoma: A form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or other tissue. Similar to leukemia these cells can not function properly and can lead to risk of infection
40
Platelets to what
Play a critical role in homeostasis
41
What is homeostasis
The stable condition of an organism and of its internal environment, maintenance or regulation of the stable condition, equilibrium
42
The three major phases of platelets described
Vasoconstriction - when vessels shrink after injury of blood vessel are followed by spams of smooth muscle (decreased size of lumen) Platelet plug - platelets begin to adhere to the damage endothelial lining to each other in and attempt to decrease blood flow. The platelets will undergo a transformation Coagulation - “blood clotting”
43
Platelets do what
They are small, irregular spindles or oval disks. As soon as blood is removed from a vessel, the platelets adhere to each other and to every surface they contact, in doing so, they assume various shapes and irregular forms.
44
The three physical properties and critical role of platelets
Agglutination, adhesives, aggregation They play a critical role in homeostasis and hemostasis
45
Why vasoconstriction
To decrease blood flow and reduce bleeding
46
Platelet plugs are extremely important in what
Controlling micro hemorrhages
47
The three important steps of coagulation
1) activation pathways (chemicals release) 2) thrombin formation (sticky cells) 3) fibrin clot formation (fibrin adheres plug/clot)
48
Hemocytoblasts form what which does what
They create all formed elements that exist Which then splits in to myeloid and lymphoid. Lymphoid contains lymphocytes (t and B cells) myeloid contains everything else
49
Hemopoiesis
Blood production, “the creating of new blood cells”
50
How does the process of hemopoiesis occur
When the yolk sac of the developing fetus, the medullary cavity of long bones for children and adolescents, cranial and pelvic bones; sternum, vertebrae, and proximal epiphyses of long bones in adults
51
Extramedullary hemopoiesis
Occurs in the live and spleen
52
Hemocytoblast, lymphoid stem cells, myeloid stem cells
Hemocytoblast - hemopoietic stem cells, the stem cell for all formed elements in the blood Lymphoid stem cells - create lymphocytes (b-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, Natural killer cells) Myeloid stem cells- create all other formed elements
53
Erythropoietin
Glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys when oxygen levels are low, increasing RBC production
54
Thrombopoietin
Glycoprotein hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys, which then triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets
55
Cytokines
Glycoproteins secreted by a variety of cells, which trigger WBC production - colony-stimulating factors - interleukins - inflammation = illness or sick person
56
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte production, in the marrow, occurs at a rate of more than 2 million (RBCs) cells per second. This production requires nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins,) and seven essential trace elements
57
The four essential trace elements in erythrocyte production
Iron: essential for hemoglobin Copper: essential for iron absorption and transportation Zinc: functions as a co-enzyme to synthesis the hem portion of hemoglobin B-vitamins: (B-12) - co-enzymes for DNA synthesis and creating new cells
58
How long is the life span of erythrocytes
120 days
59
What do macrophages do with erythrocytes after 120 day
Degrade them and they are pooped out: - Globin: proteins are broken down to be used in the production of new RBCs - Iron: store din the liver or spleen praimrily as ferritin or hemosiderin (plays important roles with iron) carried through he blood stream by transferrin to restart the process - non-iron: degraded into bilirubin, eventually converted into bile
60
Lifecycle of leukocytes
Most leukocytes only live for hours or days. - the production of all leukocytes beings in the bone marrow under the influence of cytokines (CSFs and interleukins) - secondary production and maturation of lymphocytes occur in specific regions of lymphatic tissues called germinal centers
61
Antigens
Cell markers on the RBC membrane
62
Antibodies
Immunoglobulin Large y-shaped protein that neutralize the pathogens
63
Explain the blood types
Type A - antigen A on RBCs and antibodies B Type B - antigen B on RBCs and antibodies A Type AB - both antigen A and B on RBCs no antibodies Type O - neither antigen A or B on RBCs, has both A and B antibodies
64
What is RH system
Rh- positive blood means that an Rh antigen is present
65
What type of blood is the universal donor and why
Type O - no antigens
66
What type of blood is the universal recipient and why?
Type AB+ because it has all antigens but no antibodies
67
Why is blood type important
If the wrong blood type is given the RBCs antibodies will attack the blood and could lead to death
68
Megakaryocytes produce what
Platelets
69
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils - 60-70% Lymphocytes - 20-40% Monocytes - 3-10% Eosinophils - 1-4% Basophils - less than 1%

Human Biology (25 decks)

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