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Human Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

A

Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei
Cardiac - striated, involuntary, intercalated disks
Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, visceral

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2
Q

The four myofilaments

A

Actin - “thin filament”
Myosin - “thick filament”
Troponin - attaches to tropomyosin along the thin filament. Chemically binds with Ca++
Tropomyosin - forms a very thin string along the active site of actin (blocks the chemical bond with myosin)

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3
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of a muscle cell

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4
Q

Calcium does what

A

Calcium initiates muscle contraction and is released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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5
Q

Tendon
Ligament

A

Tendon - attaches muscle to bone
Ligament - attaches bone to bone

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6
Q

Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator

A

Agonist - “Prime mover” a muscle that performs a specific movement
Antagonist - muscle that when contracting directly opposes the agonist (precision and control)
Synergist - a muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover (assist the agonist)
Fixator - functions to stabilize a joint, posture or balance, (type of agonist)

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7
Q

Origin
Insertion

A

Origin - the point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts
Insertion - the point of attachment that does move when the muscle contracts “line of force”

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8
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  • theory that explains how muscles contract to produce force
  • actin and myosin filaments within sarcomeres of muscle fibers bind to create cross-bridges and slide past on another, creating a contraction
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9
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and a muscle cell or fiber that connect together

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10
Q

CNS
PNS

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - cranial nerves and pineal nerves

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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • somatic nervous system
    • carry information to the somatic effectors “skeletal muscles”
  • autonomic nervous system
    • carry information to the autonomic or visceral effectors “smooth muscle”
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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic - “resting and digesting”

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13
Q

The two main types of cells that compose the nervous system

A

Neurons: the wiring of the nervous system
Glia: the supporting cells of the nervous system,

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14
Q

Types of neuroglia

A

◦ Astrocytes - provide metabolic (feeding) and structural (Blood brain barrier) to neurons
◦ Microglia - phagocytes cells that help remove bacteria and debris
◦ Ependymal cells - movement; for thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
◦ Oligodendrocytes - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS
◦ Schwann cells - produce the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS

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15
Q

Saltitory glands

A
  • the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons form one node of Ranvier to the next
    - “jumping from node to node” increasing the velocity of action potentials
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16
Q

Afferent
Efferent

A

Afferent - consists of all incoming sensory information. Information -> CNS
Efferent - consists of all outgoing sensory information
CNS -> body

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17
Q

Nerves: white and gray matter

A

White: bundles of myelinated fibers
Gray: cell bodies and Unmyelinated fibers

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18
Q

The lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Occipital - processes visual information
Temporal - interprets auditory information (spoken/written language)
Parietal - receives and interprets sensory information from the skin
Frontal - initiate s motor activity, conscious thought
Insula - represents feelings and emotions

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19
Q

Special sense
General sense

A

Special - smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium (locally distributed)
General - touch, pain, pressure, temperature (widely distributed)

20
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Located on or near the surface of the body (external change)

21
Q

Visceroceptor

A

(Interoceptor)
Located internally, within the body organs (deep)

22
Q

Proprioceptors

A

A specialize Visceroceptor
Located in skeletal muscle

23
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

“Deform” it change the position of the receptor

24
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Change in temperature

25
Q

Nociceptors

A

Any stimulus that results in pain or tissue damage

26
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light stimuli

27
Q

Cones

A

Cones enable color vision
Specifically red, green, and blue

28
Q

Rods

A

Rods allow us to see in dim light

29
Q

Cochlea

A

Primary anatomical structure associated with sounds

30
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Primary structure associated with equilibrium

31
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus - hammer
Incus - anvil
Stapes - stirrups

32
Q

Hormones do what

A

Have a global effect on the body, and are chemical messengers of the endocrine system

33
Q

Steroid hormones
No steroid hormone

A

Steroid hormones- made out of cholesterol
Nonsteroidal hormones - made out of amino acids

34
Q

Which of these secrete hormones to be effective for the endocrine system?
Placenta
Adipose tissue
Heart
Thymus

A

All of the above

35
Q

The hypothalamus

A

Links the nervous and endocrine systems
Is the homeostatic control center of the brain

36
Q

The pituitary gland

A

“Master gland”
Posterior and anterior
Secretes 8 different hormones that regulate the other endocrine organs

37
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Releases adrenaline
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex: cortisol

38
Q

Insulin and glucagon

A

Insulin - beta cells -> decreases blood sugar levels
Glucagon - alpha cells -> increases blood sugar levels

39
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Releases the parathyroid hormone to stimulate osteoclast to increase blood calcium levels

40
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Releases calcitonin to stimulate osteoblasts and decrease blood calcium levels

41
Q

Pineal gland

A

Melatonin
“The biological clock”

42
Q

Prolactin
Oxytocin
Progesterone

A

Prolactin - milk production
Oxytocin - milk ejection
Progesterone - keeping the pregnancy; pregnancy promoting

43
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone - maintains water balance in the body

44
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus; the basal nuclei may play a critical role in thinking and learning

45
Q

Limbic system

A

“Emotional brain”
Functions in some way to make us experience many kinds of emotions

Human Biology (25 decks)

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