Exam 3 Flashcards
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei
Cardiac - striated, involuntary, intercalated disks
Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, visceral
The four myofilaments
Actin - “thin filament”
Myosin - “thick filament”
Troponin - attaches to tropomyosin along the thin filament. Chemically binds with Ca++
Tropomyosin - forms a very thin string along the active site of actin (blocks the chemical bond with myosin)
Sarcomere
The functional unit of a muscle cell
Calcium does what
Calcium initiates muscle contraction and is released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Tendon
Ligament
Tendon - attaches muscle to bone
Ligament - attaches bone to bone
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator
Agonist - “Prime mover” a muscle that performs a specific movement
Antagonist - muscle that when contracting directly opposes the agonist (precision and control)
Synergist - a muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover (assist the agonist)
Fixator - functions to stabilize a joint, posture or balance, (type of agonist)
Origin
Insertion
Origin - the point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts
Insertion - the point of attachment that does move when the muscle contracts “line of force”
Sliding filament theory
- theory that explains how muscles contract to produce force
- actin and myosin filaments within sarcomeres of muscle fibers bind to create cross-bridges and slide past on another, creating a contraction
Motor unit
A motor neuron and a muscle cell or fiber that connect together
CNS
PNS
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - cranial nerves and pineal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
- somatic nervous system
- carry information to the somatic effectors “skeletal muscles”
- autonomic nervous system
- carry information to the autonomic or visceral effectors “smooth muscle”
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic - “resting and digesting”
The two main types of cells that compose the nervous system
Neurons: the wiring of the nervous system
Glia: the supporting cells of the nervous system,
Types of neuroglia
◦ Astrocytes - provide metabolic (feeding) and structural (Blood brain barrier) to neurons
◦ Microglia - phagocytes cells that help remove bacteria and debris
◦ Ependymal cells - movement; for thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
◦ Oligodendrocytes - produce the fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS
◦ Schwann cells - produce the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS
Saltitory glands
- the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons form one node of Ranvier to the next
- “jumping from node to node” increasing the velocity of action potentials
Afferent
Efferent
Afferent - consists of all incoming sensory information. Information -> CNS
Efferent - consists of all outgoing sensory information
CNS -> body
Nerves: white and gray matter
White: bundles of myelinated fibers
Gray: cell bodies and Unmyelinated fibers
The lobes of the cerebral cortex
Occipital - processes visual information
Temporal - interprets auditory information (spoken/written language)
Parietal - receives and interprets sensory information from the skin
Frontal - initiate s motor activity, conscious thought
Insula - represents feelings and emotions
Special sense
General sense
Special - smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium (locally distributed)
General - touch, pain, pressure, temperature (widely distributed)
Exteroceptors
Located on or near the surface of the body (external change)
Visceroceptor
(Interoceptor)
Located internally, within the body organs (deep)
Proprioceptors
A specialize Visceroceptor
Located in skeletal muscle
Mechanoreceptors
“Deform” it change the position of the receptor
Thermoreceptor
Change in temperature
