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Human Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The pump and its characteristics

A

Heart:
Chambers
Valves
Heart wall

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2
Q

Fluid and its charecteristics

A

Blood:
Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)

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3
Q

Passages and its characteristics

A

Blood vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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4
Q

The three primary functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transportation, defense, regulation

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5
Q

Define transportation in the cardiovascular system

A

Delivers: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc.
Takes away: carbon dioxide and “other” waste products

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6
Q

Define defense in the cardiovascular system

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) fight “alien” threats to the body
Thrombocytes or platelets for the body’s “band-aids” and prevent blood loss when vessels are damged

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7
Q

Define regulation in the cardiovascular system

A

Heat distribution:
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation (ex: working out and having a red face the the heat distribution cools it down)
pH balance, hydration, hormones, etc

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8
Q

Bloods vessels (Arteries)

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart (deoxygenated)
- transport blood under high pressure, have thicker walls, and smaller lumen (openings)
- the various types are; elastic, muscular, and arterioles.

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9
Q

Blood vessels (metaarteriole)

A
  • Short connecting vessel that connect a tru arteriole with the proximal end of capillaries
  • these vessel contact “regulatory valves” called precapillary sphincters
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10
Q

Blood vessels (capillaries)

A
  • called exchange vessels, which are microscopic vessel’s that carry blood from arterioles to venules
  • These vessels are responsible for the transfer of nutrients and waste products
    Perfusion = blood supply
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11
Q

Capillaries; how many types of gas exchange are there

A

There are three types

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12
Q

Blood vessels (veins)

A

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart, oxygenated
- veins allow for one way blood flow throughout the body (only one direction)
- Have thinner walls and larger lumen (opening)

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13
Q

What are venules

A

The smallest type of vein, and similar to arterioles

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14
Q

Blood flow regulation
Heart -> ——— -> arterioles -> ———-

A

Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries
- Arterioles are the smallest arteries.
- precapillary sphincters - control blood flow from arterioles into capillaries

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15
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and increases blood flow to the capillaries

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16
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of vascular smooth muscle, decreases blood flow to capillaries

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17
Q

The heart and its characteristics

A

The heart is a cone shaped organ
Has 4 chambers
Is the size of a closed fist
The base is at the top (superior)
The apex of the heart is at the bottom (inferior)

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18
Q

Pericardium

A

A loose-fitting, and protective sac around the heart

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19
Q

Pericardium explain fibrous, and serous

A

Fibrous portion: tough, loose fitting, and inelastic sac around the heart
Serous layer: directly on the surface. the top most layer of the heart wall
- parietal layer: lining inside the fibrous pericardium and is the outer layer of the serous pericardium
-visceral layer - (guts -> deepest) is adhering to the outside of the heart; epicardium

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20
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

The space between the Parietal and Visceral pericardium

21
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

Lubricating fluid that fills the pericardial cavity
- 10-15 ml, secreted by serous membrane, assists in reducing friction

22
Q

What are the 3 distinct layer that make up the heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

23
Q

Heart wall - epicardium

A

“On the heart”
Outer layers of the heart wall, visceral layer of the protection

24
Q

Heart wall - myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart wall, cardiac muscle cells

25
Q

Heart wall - endocardium

A

Inner most layer of the heart wall, endothelial lining of the interior of the heart

26
Q

The chambers of the heart

A

Atria: the 2 superior(above) chambers of the heart
Ventricles: the 2 inferior(below) chambers of the heart

27
Q

The valves of the heart

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV):
Mitral (bicuspid) on the left
Tricuspid - on the right
Semilunar valves (SL):
Aortic
Pulmonary

28
Q

What does the Chordae tendineae do

A

Allows for one way blood flow by pulling on the AV valves

29
Q

Blood supply of the heart is

A

Constantly bathed in blood, but still needs the blood supply. The myocardium cells receive blood by way of the vessels in the right and left coronary arteries

30
Q

During systole what does the heart do

A

During systole ventricles contract and blood flows through the SL valves (the top # in BP)

31
Q

During diastole what does the heart do

A

During diastole the ventricles relax and close the SL valves (the bottom # on BP)
- this allows for blood flow through the coronary arteries
- about 80% of time spent here

32
Q

Cardiac muscle is what and can do what?

A

Cardiac muscle has a unique property called auto-rhythmicity which is the ability to initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger contractile mechanisms.
“It will contract on its own”
- The heart rate is still modulated by other external factors such as, the endocrine and nervous systems

33
Q

The four conduction systems of the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node - Pacemaker
Subendocaridal branches - Purkinje fibers (leaves the heart through this)
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle - bundle of his

34
Q

Define electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

A graphic record of the hearts electrical activity (the conduction and impulses)
- this is never mechanical only electrical, can lead to a mechanical event

35
Q

What is a p-wave

A

A p-wave is depolarization of the atria: this is deflection caused by the passage of an electrical impulse from the SA node through the right and left Atria. (Can repolarize the ventricles)
- contracting

36
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

This is depolarization of the ventricles: a complete process, involving depolarization of the AV node, Bundle of his, traveling down the left and right bundle branches and purkinje fibers.
- simultaneously during ventricular depolarization, the atria repolarizes
Deporalization of ventricles and repolarization of atria

37
Q

What is a t-wave

A

The t-wave is the repolarization of the ventricles

38
Q

Heart rate is what

A

The number of times a persons heart beats per minute

39
Q

What is internal/intrinsic

A

SA node, and AV node

40
Q

External/extrinsic

A

CNS, hormones
- sympathetic/parasympathetic
- “fight or flight” vs. “resisting or digesting”

41
Q

The two heart sounds to reflect the closing heart valves

A

Lub: closing of both AV valves during ventricular systole
Dub: closing of both semilunar valves during ventricular diastole

42
Q

Explain heart murmurs

A

Heart murmurs are caused when blood flow is disturbed, and can be a sign of a defective valve

43
Q

Blood pressure is what?

A

When blood exerts forces on the wall of the blood vessels.
Systolic - highest pressure, blood is ejected during ventricular systole
Diastolic - lowest pressure, blood returns to the heart during ventricular diastole

44
Q

What do you measure blood pressure with

A

Sphygmomanometer

45
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading defined as

A

Systolic = less than 120 mmHg and Diastolic is less than 80 mmHg

46
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood flow traveling through the vessels
Fick equation: Q=HR* SV -> calculated in L/minute

47
Q

Circulatory system:
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary

A

Pulmonary: heart to lungs
Systemic: heart to body
Coronary: to the heart itself

48
Q

Q = what

A

Q = HR * SV
Cardiac output = heart rate * stroke volume

49
Q

What are two factors that lead to blood pressure in the body

A

The cardiac output and peripheral resistance lead to the blood pressure given

Human Biology (25 decks)

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