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Human Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The pump and its characteristics

A

Heart:
Chambers
Valves
Heart wall

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2
Q

Fluid and its charecteristics

A

Blood:
Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)

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3
Q

Passages and its characteristics

A

Blood vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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4
Q

The three primary functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transportation, defense, regulation

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5
Q

Define transportation in the cardiovascular system

A

Delivers: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc.
Takes away: carbon dioxide and “other” waste products

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6
Q

Define defense in the cardiovascular system

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) fight “alien” threats to the body
Thrombocytes or platelets for the body’s “band-aids” and prevent blood loss when vessels are damged

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7
Q

Define regulation in the cardiovascular system

A

Heat distribution:
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation (ex: working out and having a red face the the heat distribution cools it down)
pH balance, hydration, hormones, etc

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8
Q

Bloods vessels (Arteries)

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart (deoxygenated)
- transport blood under high pressure, have thicker walls, and smaller lumen (openings)
- the various types are; elastic, muscular, and arterioles.

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9
Q

Blood vessels (metaarteriole)

A
  • Short connecting vessel that connect a tru arteriole with the proximal end of capillaries
  • these vessel contact “regulatory valves” called precapillary sphincters
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10
Q

Blood vessels (capillaries)

A
  • called exchange vessels, which are microscopic vessel’s that carry blood from arterioles to venules
  • These vessels are responsible for the transfer of nutrients and waste products
    Perfusion = blood supply
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11
Q

Capillaries; how many types of gas exchange are there

A

There are three types

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12
Q

Blood vessels (veins)

A

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart, oxygenated
- veins allow for one way blood flow throughout the body (only one direction)
- Have thinner walls and larger lumen (opening)

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13
Q

What are venules

A

The smallest type of vein, and similar to arterioles

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14
Q

Blood flow regulation
Heart -> ——— -> arterioles -> ———-

A

Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries
- Arterioles are the smallest arteries.
- precapillary sphincters - control blood flow from arterioles into capillaries

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15
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and increases blood flow to the capillaries

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16
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of vascular smooth muscle, decreases blood flow to capillaries

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17
Q

The heart and its characteristics

A

The heart is a cone shaped organ
Has 4 chambers
Is the size of a closed fist
The base is at the top (superior)
The apex of the heart is at the bottom (inferior)

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18
Q

Pericardium

A

A loose-fitting, and protective sac around the heart

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19
Q

Pericardium explain fibrous, and serous

A

Fibrous portion: tough, loose fitting, and inelastic sac around the heart
Serous layer: directly on the surface. the top most layer of the heart wall
- parietal layer: lining inside the fibrous pericardium and is the outer layer of the serous pericardium
-visceral layer - (guts -> deepest) is adhering to the outside of the heart; epicardium

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20
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

The space between the Parietal and Visceral pericardium

21
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

Lubricating fluid that fills the pericardial cavity
- 10-15 ml, secreted by serous membrane, assists in reducing friction

22
Q

What are the 3 distinct layer that make up the heart wall

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

23
Q

Heart wall - epicardium

A

“On the heart”
Outer layers of the heart wall, visceral layer of the protection

24
Q

Heart wall - myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart wall, cardiac muscle cells

25
Heart wall - endocardium
Inner most layer of the heart wall, endothelial lining of the interior of the heart
26
The chambers of the heart
Atria: the 2 superior(above) chambers of the heart Ventricles: the 2 inferior(below) chambers of the heart
27
The valves of the heart
Atrioventricular valves (AV): Mitral (bicuspid) on the left Tricuspid - on the right Semilunar valves (SL): Aortic Pulmonary
28
What does the Chordae tendineae do
Allows for one way blood flow by pulling on the AV valves
29
Blood supply of the heart is
Constantly bathed in blood, but still needs the blood supply. The myocardium cells receive blood by way of the vessels in the right and left coronary arteries
30
During systole what does the heart do
During systole ventricles contract and blood flows through the SL valves (the top # in BP)
31
During diastole what does the heart do
During diastole the ventricles relax and close the SL valves (the bottom # on BP) - this allows for blood flow through the coronary arteries - about 80% of time spent here
32
Cardiac muscle is what and can do what?
Cardiac muscle has a unique property called auto-rhythmicity which is the ability to initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger contractile mechanisms. “It will contract on its own” - The heart rate is still modulated by other external factors such as, the endocrine and nervous systems
33
The four conduction systems of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node - Pacemaker Subendocaridal branches - Purkinje fibers (leaves the heart through this) Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle - bundle of his
34
Define electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
A graphic record of the hearts electrical activity (the conduction and impulses) - this is never mechanical only electrical, can lead to a mechanical event
35
What is a p-wave
A p-wave is depolarization of the atria: this is deflection caused by the passage of an electrical impulse from the SA node through the right and left Atria. (Can repolarize the ventricles) - contracting
36
What is the QRS complex
This is depolarization of the ventricles: a complete process, involving depolarization of the AV node, Bundle of his, traveling down the left and right bundle branches and purkinje fibers. - simultaneously during ventricular depolarization, the atria repolarizes Deporalization of ventricles and repolarization of atria
37
What is a t-wave
The t-wave is the repolarization of the ventricles
38
Heart rate is what
The number of times a persons heart beats per minute
39
What is internal/intrinsic
SA node, and AV node
40
External/extrinsic
CNS, hormones - sympathetic/parasympathetic - “fight or flight” vs. “resisting or digesting”
41
The two heart sounds to reflect the closing heart valves
Lub: closing of both AV valves during ventricular systole Dub: closing of both semilunar valves during ventricular diastole
42
Explain heart murmurs
Heart murmurs are caused when blood flow is disturbed, and can be a sign of a defective valve
43
Blood pressure is what?
When blood exerts forces on the wall of the blood vessels. Systolic - highest pressure, blood is ejected during ventricular systole Diastolic - lowest pressure, blood returns to the heart during ventricular diastole
44
What do you measure blood pressure with
Sphygmomanometer
45
What is a normal blood pressure reading defined as
Systolic = less than 120 mmHg and Diastolic is less than 80 mmHg
46
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood flow traveling through the vessels Fick equation: Q=HR* SV -> calculated in L/minute
47
Circulatory system: Pulmonary Systemic Coronary
Pulmonary: heart to lungs Systemic: heart to body Coronary: to the heart itself
48
Q = what
Q = HR * SV Cardiac output = heart rate * stroke volume
49
What are two factors that lead to blood pressure in the body
The cardiac output and peripheral resistance lead to the blood pressure given

Human Biology (25 decks)

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