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Human Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define biology

A

The scientific study of life

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2
Q

Define anatomy

A

The scientific study of the structure of a organism

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3
Q

Define physiology

A

The scientific study of the function of an organism

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4
Q

Define science

A

Science is a style of inquiry that attempts to understand nature in a logical manner.
The pursuit and process of understanding the natural and systemic world based from evidence found in a rational and logical manner

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5
Q

List the domains of life

A

Eukarya, archaea, bacteria

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6
Q

It’s the kingdoms of life that are in eukarya

A

Plants, animals, fungi, Protozoa

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7
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Electrically charged atoms or molecules
Attractive forces between oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

Covalent

A

They form when atoms share electrons, and have very strong bonds. (Non-polar when electrons are shared equally; polar when not shared equally)

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules. An example would be weak forces between water molecules

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10
Q

Water fearing

A

Hydrophobic

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11
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic

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12
Q

Water is primarily found where

A

Water is primarily in the intracellular fluid within the cells
- or outside in the intercellular fluid and the blood

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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14
Q

Anabolic

A

Building larger molecules from smaller ones (use of ATP)

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15
Q

Catabolic

A

Breaking down larger molecules to form smaller ones (releases ATP)

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16
Q

Carbs

A

The primary source of fuel for the body. In a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- occurs within the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Lipids

A

Source of energy and creates fatty acids with are functioning enzymes (adipose tissue, fat)
- phospholipid belayer
-water insoluble inorganic bio-molecules
- primarily in adipocytes

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18
Q

Proteins

A

Large bio molecules consisting of one or more long chain of amino acids. They build and repair muscles, while also being functional to create enzymes
- found in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and certain organelles.

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19
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules known as nucleotides.
- Has DNA and uses it to synthesize RNA (has no reservoir but can be found in cytoplasm)

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

The powerhouse of the cell
- primary purpose is synthesis of ATP

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21
Q

nucleus

A

The main control center, or central processing station of the cell and body.

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22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The processing and packaging center

23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Manufacturing center
-RER - ribosomes and manufactures proteins
-SER- no ribosomes, manufactures lipids.

24
Q

Protein Chanel’s

A

Passive transport - no energy required, simply uses the energy it already has
Active transport - use ATP to actively pull things across the membrane

25
Q

Prokaryote

A

Free-floating DNA, non-membranous, very small, divided by binary fission, unicellular, anaerobic and aerobic

26
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Nucleus, membranous, mitosis and meiosis, large, multicellular, aerobic

27
Q

what to prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common

A

DNA, ribosome, cell walls, cytoplasm

28
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

When membrane transport goes through protein Channels. A door is a protein channel that things can simply go through and can change shape and go through

29
Q

Osmosis

A

The process of moving water in and out of the cell through a selectively permeable membrane

30
Q

Diffusion

A

Ta natural phenomena caused by the tendency of small particle to spread out evenly in any given space.

31
Q

Endocytosis

A

The plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material and brings it into the cell

32
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process by which large molecules (proteins) can leave the cell even though they are too large to move out through the membrane

33
Q

Isotonic

A

the process to maintain equal intracellular and extracellular solute concentration throughout

34
Q

Hypertonic

A

Extracellular volute concentration is higher than intercellular solute concentration, so water diffuses out of the cell

35
Q

Hypotonic

A

Extracellular concentration if lower than intracellular, so water diffuses into the cell

36
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissue

37
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer, cover the surface and line the body cavities, characterized by extremely limited amounts of extracellular matrix .
- protection, sensory functions, secretion, absorption, excretion
-membranous - covering or lining the body
Glandular - glands, endo and exo

38
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood
Fibrous = areolar, adipose, reticular, dense (regular and irregular)
Bone = compact and spongy
Cartilage = hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Blood - plasma, formed elements

39
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei
Cardiac - striated, involuntary, intercalated disks
Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, visceral

40
Q

Nervous tissue

A

To rapidly regulate and integrate the activities of the body
- neurons - wiring of the system. Function and generate electrical impulses
-neuroglia - support of the system. Surround, protect, and provide nutrients, to the neurons

41
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Presence of tough keratin fibers in squamous cells. Has many layers and is scaly. Represents the thin and thick skin

42
Q

No keratinized stratified squamos epithelium

A

Areas we want to keep moist. Contains no keratin and is like the skin that has pigment
- places like the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, ureters

43
Q

What type of tissue changes shape

A

Transitional (bladder lining)

44
Q

Where are the heart, lungs, and intestines found

A

The ventral cavity

45
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Standing or staying the same “may vary, but is relatively constant”
Is primarily a tinted via the feedback loops

46
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

tends to amplify or reinforce the hange that is occurring by creating a response that is synonymous to the initial disturbance

47
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Loop that opposes or “negates” a change by creating a response that is opposite in direction to the initial disturbance

48
Q

Example of negative feedback loop

A

Insulin being taken into the body to lower blood sugar after eating something

49
Q

Blood
Plasma
Formed elements

A

Blood is 8% of formed elements, regulates body temp, is a connective tissue
Plasma is the watery fluid portion of blood 90% water and 10% solutes. Makes up 55% of all blood
Formed elements are the various kinds of blood cells and cell fragments that are normally present in RBCs. Total 45%. 90-99% are RBCs

50
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

A stem cell for all formed elements in the blood
Lymphoid - makes up B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
Myeloid - makes up all other formed elements

51
Q

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

A

Endo- the inner most layer of the endothelia lining of the interior of the heart
Myo- the middle layer, cardiac muscle cells
Epi- synonymous with the visceral pericardium “on the heart” is the outer most layer

52
Q

EKG/ECG

A

Electrocardiogram - a graphic record of the hearts electrical activity.

53
Q

P-wave
QRS complex
T-wave

A

P- depolarization of the atria
QRS complex- depolarization of the ventricles and simultaneously repolarizing tone atria
T- repolarization of the ventricles

Human Biology (25 decks)

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