Exam 1 Flashcards
Define biology
The scientific study of life
Define anatomy
The scientific study of the structure of a organism
Define physiology
The scientific study of the function of an organism
Define science
Science is a style of inquiry that attempts to understand nature in a logical manner.
The pursuit and process of understanding the natural and systemic world based from evidence found in a rational and logical manner
List the domains of life
Eukarya, archaea, bacteria
It’s the kingdoms of life that are in eukarya
Plants, animals, fungi, Protozoa
Ionic bonds
Electrically charged atoms or molecules
Attractive forces between oppositely charged ions
Covalent
They form when atoms share electrons, and have very strong bonds. (Non-polar when electrons are shared equally; polar when not shared equally)
Hydrogen bonds
Weak attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules. An example would be weak forces between water molecules
Water fearing
Hydrophobic
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Water is primarily found where
Water is primarily in the intracellular fluid within the cells
- or outside in the intercellular fluid and the blood
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Anabolic
Building larger molecules from smaller ones (use of ATP)
Catabolic
Breaking down larger molecules to form smaller ones (releases ATP)
Carbs
The primary source of fuel for the body. In a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- occurs within the cytoplasm
Lipids
Source of energy and creates fatty acids with are functioning enzymes (adipose tissue, fat)
- phospholipid belayer
-water insoluble inorganic bio-molecules
- primarily in adipocytes
Proteins
Large bio molecules consisting of one or more long chain of amino acids. They build and repair muscles, while also being functional to create enzymes
- found in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and certain organelles.
Nucleic acids
Polymers of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules known as nucleotides.
- Has DNA and uses it to synthesize RNA (has no reservoir but can be found in cytoplasm)
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell
- primary purpose is synthesis of ATP
nucleus
The main control center, or central processing station of the cell and body.
Golgi apparatus
The processing and packaging center
Endoplasmic reticulum
Manufacturing center
-RER - ribosomes and manufactures proteins
-SER- no ribosomes, manufactures lipids.
Protein Chanel’s
Passive transport - no energy required, simply uses the energy it already has
Active transport - use ATP to actively pull things across the membrane
Prokaryote
Free-floating DNA, non-membranous, very small, divided by binary fission, unicellular, anaerobic and aerobic
Eukaryotic
Nucleus, membranous, mitosis and meiosis, large, multicellular, aerobic
what to prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common
DNA, ribosome, cell walls, cytoplasm
Facilitated diffusion
When membrane transport goes through protein Channels. A door is a protein channel that things can simply go through and can change shape and go through
Osmosis
The process of moving water in and out of the cell through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion
Ta natural phenomena caused by the tendency of small particle to spread out evenly in any given space.
Endocytosis
The plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material and brings it into the cell
Exocytosis
The process by which large molecules (proteins) can leave the cell even though they are too large to move out through the membrane
Isotonic
the process to maintain equal intracellular and extracellular solute concentration throughout
Hypertonic
Extracellular volute concentration is higher than intercellular solute concentration, so water diffuses out of the cell
Hypotonic
Extracellular concentration if lower than intracellular, so water diffuses into the cell
Histology
The study of tissue
Epithelial tissue
Tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer, cover the surface and line the body cavities, characterized by extremely limited amounts of extracellular matrix .
- protection, sensory functions, secretion, absorption, excretion
-membranous - covering or lining the body
Glandular - glands, endo and exo
Connective tissue
Fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood
Fibrous = areolar, adipose, reticular, dense (regular and irregular)
Bone = compact and spongy
Cartilage = hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Blood - plasma, formed elements
Muscle tissue
Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei
Cardiac - striated, involuntary, intercalated disks
Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, visceral
Nervous tissue
To rapidly regulate and integrate the activities of the body
- neurons - wiring of the system. Function and generate electrical impulses
-neuroglia - support of the system. Surround, protect, and provide nutrients, to the neurons
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Presence of tough keratin fibers in squamous cells. Has many layers and is scaly. Represents the thin and thick skin
No keratinized stratified squamos epithelium
Areas we want to keep moist. Contains no keratin and is like the skin that has pigment
- places like the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, ureters
What type of tissue changes shape
Transitional (bladder lining)
Where are the heart, lungs, and intestines found
The ventral cavity
Define homeostasis
Standing or staying the same “may vary, but is relatively constant”
Is primarily a tinted via the feedback loops
Positive feedback loop
tends to amplify or reinforce the hange that is occurring by creating a response that is synonymous to the initial disturbance
Negative feedback loop
Loop that opposes or “negates” a change by creating a response that is opposite in direction to the initial disturbance
Example of negative feedback loop
Insulin being taken into the body to lower blood sugar after eating something
Blood
Plasma
Formed elements
Blood is 8% of formed elements, regulates body temp, is a connective tissue
Plasma is the watery fluid portion of blood 90% water and 10% solutes. Makes up 55% of all blood
Formed elements are the various kinds of blood cells and cell fragments that are normally present in RBCs. Total 45%. 90-99% are RBCs
Hemocytoblast
A stem cell for all formed elements in the blood
Lymphoid - makes up B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
Myeloid - makes up all other formed elements
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Endo- the inner most layer of the endothelia lining of the interior of the heart
Myo- the middle layer, cardiac muscle cells
Epi- synonymous with the visceral pericardium “on the heart” is the outer most layer
EKG/ECG
Electrocardiogram - a graphic record of the hearts electrical activity.
P-wave
QRS complex
T-wave
P- depolarization of the atria
QRS complex- depolarization of the ventricles and simultaneously repolarizing tone atria
T- repolarization of the ventricles
