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Human Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is histology defined as

A

The study of tissue

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2
Q

Name the four types of tissues studied and an example of each

A

Epithelial: GI tract, glands, outer lay of the skin
Connective: bones, joints of cartilage, blood, fat, tendons and ligaments
Muscle: heart, stomach/intestines, skeletal muscles
Nervous: brain and spinal cord, nerves of the body, sensory organs

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3
Q

Describe the three components of Extracellular matrix:
Collagen
Elastin
Reticular

A

Collagen - proteins arranged in twisted in bundles like fibers, often called white fibers. This is the most abundant component in the body, strength
Elastin - proteins that create elastic fibers, which returns to its original length after being stretched. This is found in ‘stretchy’ tissues like cartilage of the ear and the walls of the arteries. This is sometimes called yellow fibers
Reticular - very thing collagen fibers highly branched proteins that form delicate supporting nutrients.

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue:

A

Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer, they cover the surfaces and line the body cavities. epithelial tissue are characterized by extremely limited amounts of Extracellular matrix.

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5
Q

The functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection
Sensory functions
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion

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6
Q

Define membranous and glandular

A

Membranous: the ‘covering or lining’ covers the body and some of its parts, lines serous cavities, blood, lymphatic vessel, respiratory, digestive, and gentiurinary tracts.
Glandular: ‘glands’ they are grouped in solid cords or hollow follicles and tubules to form secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands.

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7
Q

Basement membrane

A

Thin glue-like connections between a sheet of epithelial cells and the underlying fibrous connective tissue.
- a noncellular layer directly beneath the epithelial tissue.

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8
Q

The basement membrane is composed of what

A

Composed of proteins secreted by epithelial cells and connective tissues. the structured support for overlying cells and attaches to underlying tissues.

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9
Q

Example of a basement membrane

A

An example of basement membranes is a blister. Blisters are like the basement membrane coming undone

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10
Q

Cell shapes:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Psuedostratfied

A

Squamous - “scaly,” flat, plate - like
Cuboidal - cube-shaped, more cytoplasm than squamous
Columnar - column shaped, additional height
Psuedostratfied - one layer column like cells pseudo = fake

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11
Q

the three layers of the cells described:
Simple
Stratified
Transitional

A

Simple - straight with one layer
Stratified - many layers
Transitional - multiple layers that can stretch

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12
Q

Describe what a goblet cell is

A

Large, secretory vesicles that give an appearance of a goblet. Vesicles that contain mucus, which is produced in great quantities and secretes onto the surface of the epithelial membranes.
The goblet cell can assist in absorption of materials

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13
Q

Where is a goblet cell usually found

A

Usually appears in conjunction with the cilia or microvilli. (Typically is found in or near the Psuedostratified)

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14
Q

Cillia

A

Microscopic cell extensions of the cell. Sensory organs of a cell to detect changes, such as the presence of certain chemicals outside of the cell. Also assist in movement on surface material.

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15
Q

Microvilli

A

Much shorter and more numerous than the cilia. Greatly increase the surface area of the cells. this assists in absorbing nutrients and fluid.

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16
Q

Transitional layers are what

A

Unique arrangements of differing cell shapes in a stratified or layered epithelial sheet. They are able to stretch and change forms

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17
Q

What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has the presence of tough keratin fibers in the squamous cell and contributes to the enhancement of productive qualities

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18
Q

Example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Skin

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19
Q

What is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Nonkeratinized stratified, squamous epithelium is free service is moist and it contains no keratin. It works with thick and thin.

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20
Q

Describe the two types of glandular epithelium
Exocrine
Endocrine

A

Exocrine glands- discharge their secretion products into ducts
Endocrine glands - often are called ductless glans, and discharge their secretion (hormones) directly into blood or interstitial fluid.

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21
Q

The four types of connective tissue

A

Fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood

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22
Q

Fibrous connective tissue
(Loose fibrous) arealor
Adipose -> fat tissue
Reticular
Dense

A

Aerolar - surrounds the internal organs, muscles, and blood vessels. It refers to bubbles that appear during dissection. Widely distributed
Adipose - contains adipocytes (fat cells), stores any excess calories for fuel and energy for the body
Reticular: web like/net like makes up internal framework of soft organs (liver, spleen, lymph)
Dense: Regular -> collagenous, common in ligaments and tendons. Irregular -> common in deeper layers of the skin (dermis) is supportive

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23
Q

Bone

A

Most rigid connective tissue, consists of inorganic salts (calcium and phosphorous) and protein fibers

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24
Q

List the two types of osseous tissue

A

Cortical (compact) Bone: makes up the outside layer, for the hard shell of the bone
Cancellous (spongy) Bone: makes up the inside layer, the inner bone that acts like scaffolding, forms the frame around red bone marrow and myeloid tissue

25
Q

Cartilage

A

Tough, rubbery substances that provide support

26
Q

The three types of chondroid tissue

A

Hyaline: most prevalent type of cartilage, found in the support rings of the respiratory tract, also covers the ends of bones (glassy like)
Fibrocartilage: the strongest and most durable type found in the intervertebral disks and in the menisci: (fibrous)
Elastic: provides flexibility, and is found in ear wax and the larynx (flexibility)

27
Q

The three types of connective tissue -> fluid
Blood
Formed elements
Plasma

A

Blood: fluid connective tissues that play a critical role in maintains homeostasis
Formed elements: used to describe various kinds of blood cells and fragments that are normally present in the blood.
Plasma: the watery fluid portion of the blood. 90% water 10% solutes (electrolytes, proteins, glucose, etc.)

28
Q

Connective fluid tissue and blood include

A

WBC, RBC, and platelets

29
Q

Define lymph

A

A fluid connective tissue derived from Extracellular fluid and has white blood cells. Critical in lipid transportation and immune function

30
Q

The three types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells: RBC and erythrocytes
White blood cells: WBC and interlactated disks
Platelets - thrombocytes

31
Q

The three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

A

Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei
Cardiac - striated, involuntary, inter-lactated disks
Smooth - non striated, involuntary, visceral

32
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

To rapidly regulate and integrate, the activities of the body. The organs of this system are the brain and the spinal cord. Actual nervous tissue is ectodermal in its origin and has two kinds of cells.

33
Q

Nerve cells (neurons) explained

A

Function to generate and transmit electrical impulses. (Cell body, dendrites, and axon)

34
Q

Neuroglia

A

Surround, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons (astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells)

35
Q

Define integumentary system

A

This is composed of the skin, hair, nails, and glands
- protects from dehydration and injury, a defense against microorganisms, regulates body temp, makes vitamin D, provides sensation

36
Q

Cutaneous membrane:

A

There are two primary layers of the skin: the epidermis is the superficial, thinner layer; the Dermis is the deep, thicker layer

37
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer, consists of fat and loos fibrous connective tissue

38
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer, stratified squamous epithelial cells, no blood vessels

39
Q

keratinocytes

A

Provide a tough waterproof protein (keratin)

40
Q

Melanocytes

A

Provide a dark pigment to the skin (melanin)

41
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers most of the body, hair follicles, missing one or more strata or skin layers

42
Q

Thick skin

A

Covers hairless areas of the body, contains epidermal ridges or “friction ridges,” has all strata layers

43
Q

What are neurons considered

A

The wiring of the nervous system

44
Q

What is neuralgia considered

A

Glia=support for the nervous system

45
Q

Keratin does what

A

Provides protection like a waterproof layer.

46
Q

Melanin does what

A

Provides skin pigment but also a layer of protection against the sun

47
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated, voluntary, multiple nuclei

48
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs.

49
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated, involuntary, visceral(guts)
Being nonstriated is the reason it looks smooth

50
Q

Nervous tissue is what

A

Basic function is to rapidly regulate and integrate, the activities of the different parts of the body.
- the organs of this system include the brain and the spinal cord
- the actual nerve tissue is ectodermal in origin and consist of two basic kinds of cells

51
Q

Keratinocytes are what kind of cell

A

Keratinocytes are the most important cells in the epidermis and make up 90% of the epidermal cells

52
Q

What percent of the cells does melanocytes make up

A

5% of the epidermal cells

53
Q

Dermoepidermal junction

A

A uniquebasment membrane that is a special structure between the dermis and epidermis
- DEJ also serves as a protective barrier
- when this acts as the “skin glue” blisters form

54
Q

Dermis

A

The dermis is often called the “true skin”
- the two primary layers are the papillary and the reticular

55
Q

Papillary layer

A

Papilla or papillae = ‘nipple’ in Latin
Is composed essentially of loose fibrous connective tissue elements and a fine network of thin collagenous and elastic fibers
- form the friction ridges that appear in the skin

56
Q

Reticular layer

A

Consist of reticulum (is a web or net in a network of fibers)
This serves as a point of attachment for numerous skeletal and smooth muscle fibers.
- arrest or Pili muscles (goosebumps)

57
Q

The accessory structures of the dermis with definitions

A

Hair - shaft above the skin surfaces, follicle
Smooth muscle - attached to hair follicle, raises hair to an upright position
Sebaceous (oil) glands - secrete sebum, which moistens and softens skin
Sweat glands- secrete sweat to help in temperature regulation
Sebaceous glands - secrete oil to moisten and soften hair and skin
Blood vessels - supply nutrients, remove waste, assist in temperature regulation
Sensory nerve endings - detect heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration

58
Q

List the accessory structures of the dermis

A

Hair, smooth muscles, sebaceous (oil) gland, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings

Human Biology (25 decks)

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