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Pharmacology 1 > Final: Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Final: Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antimicrobials by promoting the selection of the optimal antimicrobial drug regimen, dose, duration of therapy, and route of admin.

A

Antimicrobial stewardship

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2
Q

A chemical substance that is produced by microorganisms and has the capacity in dilute solution to selectively inhibit the growth or kill other mcroorganisms

A

Antibiotic

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3
Q

Any substance of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to host

A

Antimicrobial

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4
Q

T/F. All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics

A

T

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5
Q

Nonselective, toxic chemicals which are safe to be applied to the skin to kill microorganisms, but not safe to be given orally or parenterally

A

Antiseptics

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6
Q

when diseased animals are treated to cure infection

A

therapeutic use

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7
Q

When healthy herds or animals are treated to prevent infection

A

Prophylactic use

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8
Q

When diseased herds are treated to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others

A

Metaphylactic use

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9
Q

When healthy animals are treated with low conc. in feed to improve growth rate and efficiency of feed

A

Growth promotion use

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10
Q

What does AMD stand for

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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11
Q

Drugs that are selectively toxic to the causative agent of dz

A

Chemotherapeutic drug

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12
Q

T/F. antimicrobials are chemotherapeutic drugs

A

T

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13
Q

Two things to consider when picking drugs to kill the target and spare the patient

A
  1. Efficacy

2. Toxicity

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14
Q

What are the 2 classifications of AMDs according to spectrum?

A
  1. Narrow spectrum

2. Broad spectrum

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15
Q

Drugs that have activity restricted to few bacterial groups

A

Narrow-spectrum

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16
Q

Drugs that have activity against a wide range of diff. bacterial organisms

A

Broad-spectrum

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17
Q

Resistance due to structural or functional traits present in all members of a given bacterial species or group

A

Intrinsic resistance

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18
Q

____ work by altering the cell wall of the bacterium

A

penicilin

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19
Q

____ require O2 to get into the bacterium in order to work

A

Aminoglycosides

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20
Q

Those drugs to which highly resistant organisms are still susceptible are the last line of defence in some cases

A

Critically important AMDs

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21
Q

Critically important AMDs are often IV/IM/PO?

A

IV

22
Q

What does MPC stand for

A

Mutant Prevention Concentration

23
Q

In order to maximize clinical efficacy, you should give Low/Regular/High doses for conc. dependent drugs

A

High

24
Q

In order to maximize clinical efficacy, you should give Low/Regular/High doses for Time-dependent drugs

A

Regular dose intervals

25
Q

Efficacy will depend on the amt. of time that the drug conc. stays above the MIC at the site of infection

A

Time dependent drugs

26
Q

Usually aim to be above MIC for at least __% of the dosing interval

A

50%

27
Q

T/F. Higher conc. at the site of infection will improve efficacy

A

F.

28
Q

What are two drugs that are typically considered time-dependent?

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins

29
Q

Efficacy related to peak conc. being very high conc. at the site of infection

A

Conc.- dependent drugs

30
Q

In Conc. dependent drugs you aim for Cmax that is __ times MIC

A

10x

31
Q

What does PAE stand for

A

Post-Antibiotic Effect

32
Q

T/F. For conc. dependent drugs it is better to give small doses throughout the day rather than one large dose once a day

A

F. one large dose is better

33
Q

What are some drugs that are typically considered conc.-dependent

A

Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones

34
Q

Drugs that dont fit nicely into either time or conc. dependent categories

A

AUC/MIC

35
Q

Drugs that efficacy relates to both conc. and time

A

AUD/MIC

36
Q

Examples of AUD/MIC drugs?

A

Macrolides, Lincosamides, Tetracyclines, Fluoropuinolones

37
Q

What are the 3 types of dosage regamins

A
  1. Shoot high
  2. Shoot regular
  3. Shoot fast
38
Q

What is shooting high dosage regamins

A

Use highest possible dose

39
Q

What is shooting regular dosage regamin

A

Admin the drug at regular intervals

40
Q

What is shooting fast dosage regamin

A

Treat the earliest and for the shortest time possible

41
Q

What are the 7 drug distribution patterns

A
  1. Distribute to ECF
  2. Distribute through body water
  3. conc. in urine
  4. accumulate in WBCs
  5. penetrate BBB
  6. Do not penetrate BBB
42
Q

T/F. Local microenvironment may reduce efficacy

A

T

43
Q

What are the 6 Bactericidal drugs?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Glycopeptides
  4. Penicillins
    5 Quinolones
  5. Rifamycins
44
Q

What are the 3 categories of factors that affect efficacy of a drug?

A
  1. Factors related to the drug
  2. Factors related to the Bug
  3. Factors related to the patient
45
Q

Where do Aminoglycosides accumulate and cause toxicity?

A

Renal cells and otic hair cells

46
Q

Where do docycyclines accumulate and cause toxicicy?

A

esophagus

47
Q

What two drug classes frequently stimulate immune mediated allergic responses

A

Sulfonamides and penicillins

48
Q

What are the 3 Factors affecting toxicity?

A
  1. Factors related to the drug
  2. Factors related to the Bug
  3. Factors related to the patient
49
Q

What are the 12 Classes of antibiotics in vet med?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Amphenicols
  3. Beta-lactams
  4. Beta-Lactamase inhibitors
  5. Cephalosporins
  6. Fluoroquinolones
  7. Lincosamides
  8. Macrolides
  9. Nitroimidazoles
  10. Penicillins
  11. Sulfonamides
  12. Tetracyclines
50
Q

What are the 4 diff ways AMDs work on bacteria?

A
  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. Disruption of the cell memb.
  3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
  4. inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis

Pharmacology 1 (22 decks)

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