Final: Antimicrobial Drugs

Question 1

Coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antimicrobials by promoting the selection of the optimal antimicrobial drug regimen, dose, duration of therapy, and route of admin.

Answer 1

Antimicrobial stewardship

Question 2

A chemical substance that is produced by microorganisms and has the capacity in dilute solution to selectively inhibit the growth or kill other mcroorganisms

Answer 2

Antibiotic

Question 3

Any substance of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to host

Answer 3

Antimicrobial

Question 4

T/F. All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics

Answer 4

T

Question 5

Nonselective, toxic chemicals which are safe to be applied to the skin to kill microorganisms, but not safe to be given orally or parenterally

Answer 5

Antiseptics

Question 6

when diseased animals are treated to cure infection

Answer 6

therapeutic use

Question 7

When healthy herds or animals are treated to prevent infection

Answer 7

Prophylactic use

Question 8

When diseased herds are treated to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others

Answer 8

Metaphylactic use

Question 9

When healthy animals are treated with low conc. in feed to improve growth rate and efficiency of feed

Answer 9

Growth promotion use

Question 10

What does AMD stand for

Answer 10

Antimicrobial drugs

Question 11

Drugs that are selectively toxic to the causative agent of dz

Answer 11

Chemotherapeutic drug

Question 12

T/F. antimicrobials are chemotherapeutic drugs

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Two things to consider when picking drugs to kill the target and spare the patient

Answer 13

1. Efficacy

2. Toxicity

Question 14

What are the 2 classifications of AMDs according to spectrum?

Answer 14

1. Narrow spectrum

2. Broad spectrum

Question 15

Drugs that have activity restricted to few bacterial groups

Answer 15

Narrow-spectrum

Question 16

Drugs that have activity against a wide range of diff. bacterial organisms

Answer 16

Broad-spectrum

Question 17

Resistance due to structural or functional traits present in all members of a given bacterial species or group

Answer 17

Intrinsic resistance

Question 18

____ work by altering the cell wall of the bacterium

Answer 18

penicilin

Question 19

____ require O2 to get into the bacterium in order to work

Answer 19

Aminoglycosides

Question 20

Those drugs to which highly resistant organisms are still susceptible are the last line of defence in some cases

Answer 20

Critically important AMDs

Question 21

Critically important AMDs are often IV/IM/PO?

Answer 21

IV

Question 22

What does MPC stand for

Answer 22

Mutant Prevention Concentration

Question 23

In order to maximize clinical efficacy, you should give Low/Regular/High doses for conc. dependent drugs

Answer 23

High

Question 24

In order to maximize clinical efficacy, you should give Low/Regular/High doses for Time-dependent drugs

Answer 24

Regular dose intervals

Question 25

Efficacy will depend on the amt. of time that the drug conc. stays above the MIC at the site of infection

Answer 25

Time dependent drugs

Question 26

Usually aim to be above MIC for at least __% of the dosing interval

Answer 26

50%

Question 27

T/F. Higher conc. at the site of infection will improve efficacy

Answer 27

F.

Question 28

What are two drugs that are typically considered time-dependent?

Answer 28

Penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 29

Efficacy related to peak conc. being very high conc. at the site of infection

Answer 29

Conc.- dependent drugs

Question 30

In Conc. dependent drugs you aim for Cmax that is __ times MIC

Answer 30

10x

Question 31

What does PAE stand for

Answer 31

Post-Antibiotic Effect

Question 32

T/F. For conc. dependent drugs it is better to give small doses throughout the day rather than one large dose once a day

Answer 32

F. one large dose is better

Question 33

What are some drugs that are typically considered conc.-dependent

Answer 33

Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones

Question 34

Drugs that dont fit nicely into either time or conc. dependent categories

Answer 34

AUC/MIC

Question 35

Drugs that efficacy relates to both conc. and time

Answer 35

AUD/MIC

Question 36

Examples of AUD/MIC drugs?

Answer 36

Macrolides, Lincosamides, Tetracyclines, Fluoropuinolones

Question 37

What are the 3 types of dosage regamins

Answer 37

1. Shoot high 2. Shoot regular 3. Shoot fast

Question 38

What is shooting high dosage regamins

Answer 38

Use highest possible dose

Question 39

What is shooting regular dosage regamin

Answer 39

Admin the drug at regular intervals

Question 40

What is shooting fast dosage regamin

Answer 40

Treat the earliest and for the shortest time possible

Question 41

What are the 7 drug distribution patterns

Answer 41

1. Distribute to ECF 2. Distribute through body water 3. conc. in urine 5. accumulate in WBCs 6. penetrate BBB 7. Do not penetrate BBB

Question 42

T/F. Local microenvironment may reduce efficacy

Answer 42

T

Question 43

What are the 6 Bactericidal drugs?

Answer 43

1. Aminoglycosides 2. Cephalosporins 3. Glycopeptides 4. Penicillins 5 Quinolones 6. Rifamycins

Question 44

What are the 3 categories of factors that affect efficacy of a drug?

Answer 44

1. Factors related to the drug 2. Factors related to the Bug 3. Factors related to the patient

Question 45

Where do Aminoglycosides accumulate and cause toxicity?

Answer 45

Renal cells and otic hair cells

Question 46

Where do docycyclines accumulate and cause toxicicy?

Answer 46

esophagus

Question 47

What two drug classes frequently stimulate immune mediated allergic responses

Answer 47

Sulfonamides and penicillins

Question 48

What are the 3 Factors affecting toxicity?

Answer 48

1. Factors related to the drug 2. Factors related to the Bug 3. Factors related to the patient

Question 49

What are the 12 Classes of antibiotics in vet med?

Answer 49

1. Aminoglycosides 2. Amphenicols 3. Beta-lactams 4. Beta-Lactamase inhibitors 5. Cephalosporins 6. Fluoroquinolones 7. Lincosamides 8. Macrolides 9. Nitroimidazoles 10. Penicillins 11. Sulfonamides 12. Tetracyclines

Question 50

What are the 4 diff ways AMDs work on bacteria?

Answer 50

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2. Disruption of the cell memb. 3. Inhibition of protein synthesis 4. inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis