Final: Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards
Coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antimicrobials by promoting the selection of the optimal antimicrobial drug regimen, dose, duration of therapy, and route of admin.
Antimicrobial stewardship
A chemical substance that is produced by microorganisms and has the capacity in dilute solution to selectively inhibit the growth or kill other mcroorganisms
Antibiotic
Any substance of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to host
Antimicrobial
T/F. All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics
T
Nonselective, toxic chemicals which are safe to be applied to the skin to kill microorganisms, but not safe to be given orally or parenterally
Antiseptics
when diseased animals are treated to cure infection
therapeutic use
When healthy herds or animals are treated to prevent infection
Prophylactic use
When diseased herds are treated to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others
Metaphylactic use
When healthy animals are treated with low conc. in feed to improve growth rate and efficiency of feed
Growth promotion use
What does AMD stand for
Antimicrobial drugs
Drugs that are selectively toxic to the causative agent of dz
Chemotherapeutic drug
T/F. antimicrobials are chemotherapeutic drugs
T
Two things to consider when picking drugs to kill the target and spare the patient
- Efficacy
2. Toxicity
What are the 2 classifications of AMDs according to spectrum?
- Narrow spectrum
2. Broad spectrum
Drugs that have activity restricted to few bacterial groups
Narrow-spectrum
Drugs that have activity against a wide range of diff. bacterial organisms
Broad-spectrum
Resistance due to structural or functional traits present in all members of a given bacterial species or group
Intrinsic resistance
____ work by altering the cell wall of the bacterium
penicilin
____ require O2 to get into the bacterium in order to work
Aminoglycosides
Those drugs to which highly resistant organisms are still susceptible are the last line of defence in some cases
Critically important AMDs
Critically important AMDs are often IV/IM/PO?
IV
What does MPC stand for
Mutant Prevention Concentration
In order to maximize clinical efficacy, you should give Low/Regular/High doses for conc. dependent drugs
High
In order to maximize clinical efficacy, you should give Low/Regular/High doses for Time-dependent drugs
Regular dose intervals
Efficacy will depend on the amt. of time that the drug conc. stays above the MIC at the site of infection
Time dependent drugs
Usually aim to be above MIC for at least __% of the dosing interval
50%
T/F. Higher conc. at the site of infection will improve efficacy
F.
What are two drugs that are typically considered time-dependent?
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Efficacy related to peak conc. being very high conc. at the site of infection
Conc.- dependent drugs
In Conc. dependent drugs you aim for Cmax that is __ times MIC
10x
What does PAE stand for
Post-Antibiotic Effect
T/F. For conc. dependent drugs it is better to give small doses throughout the day rather than one large dose once a day
F. one large dose is better
What are some drugs that are typically considered conc.-dependent
Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones
Drugs that dont fit nicely into either time or conc. dependent categories
AUC/MIC
Drugs that efficacy relates to both conc. and time
AUD/MIC
Examples of AUD/MIC drugs?
Macrolides, Lincosamides, Tetracyclines, Fluoropuinolones
What are the 3 types of dosage regamins
- Shoot high
- Shoot regular
- Shoot fast
What is shooting high dosage regamins
Use highest possible dose
What is shooting regular dosage regamin
Admin the drug at regular intervals
What is shooting fast dosage regamin
Treat the earliest and for the shortest time possible
What are the 7 drug distribution patterns
- Distribute to ECF
- Distribute through body water
- conc. in urine
- accumulate in WBCs
- penetrate BBB
- Do not penetrate BBB
T/F. Local microenvironment may reduce efficacy
T
What are the 6 Bactericidal drugs?
- Aminoglycosides
- Cephalosporins
- Glycopeptides
- Penicillins
5 Quinolones - Rifamycins
What are the 3 categories of factors that affect efficacy of a drug?
- Factors related to the drug
- Factors related to the Bug
- Factors related to the patient
Where do Aminoglycosides accumulate and cause toxicity?
Renal cells and otic hair cells
Where do docycyclines accumulate and cause toxicicy?
esophagus
What two drug classes frequently stimulate immune mediated allergic responses
Sulfonamides and penicillins
What are the 3 Factors affecting toxicity?
- Factors related to the drug
- Factors related to the Bug
- Factors related to the patient
What are the 12 Classes of antibiotics in vet med?
- Aminoglycosides
- Amphenicols
- Beta-lactams
- Beta-Lactamase inhibitors
- Cephalosporins
- Fluoroquinolones
- Lincosamides
- Macrolides
- Nitroimidazoles
- Penicillins
- Sulfonamides
- Tetracyclines
What are the 4 diff ways AMDs work on bacteria?
- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- Disruption of the cell memb.
- Inhibition of protein synthesis
- inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis
