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Pharmacology 1 > Exam 1: Sources of Drugs and Routes of Administration > Flashcards

Exam 1: Sources of Drugs and Routes of Administration Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 ways drugs are classified based on physical state.

A
  1. Solid
  2. Liquid
  3. Semisolid
  4. Gases or Vapors
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2
Q

What are the 3 general categories of drug sources

A
  1. Natural
  2. Semisynthetic
  3. Synthetic
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3
Q

List some active compounds in plants

A
  1. alkaloids
  2. Glycosides
  3. Resins
  4. Gums
  5. Tannins
  6. Fixed oils
  7. Volatile oils
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4
Q

Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water.

A

Alkaloids

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5
Q

How do you know a medication contains Alkaloids?

A

End with -ine

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6
Q

What can precipitate alkaloids, acid or base?

A

acid

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7
Q

Sugars combined with other organic structures

A

Glycosides

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8
Q

Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils

A

Resins

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9
Q

Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees

A

Gums

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10
Q

Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce an astringent effect.

A

Tannins

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11
Q

What are the two types of oils

A
  1. Fixed oils

2. volatile oils

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12
Q

Stable oils that will not evaporate when exposed to air

A

Stable oils

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13
Q

Oils that will evaporate readily when exposed to air

A

Volatile oils

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14
Q

List 3 examples of drugs from animals?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Plasma
  3. Hormones
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15
Q

List some drugs from fungi?

A

penicillin
streptomycin
tetracyclines
polymyxins

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16
Q

List some drugs from bacteria

A

Bacitracin

Actinomycin D

17
Q

Drugs from natural sources and chemically treated

A

semisynthetic sources

18
Q

highly purified substances prepared synthetically

A

synthetic sources

19
Q

What are the 2 general routes of drug administration

A
  1. local routes

2. systemic routes

20
Q

Route of drug administration that is absorbed into the bloodstream

A

systemic routes

21
Q

Route of drug administration that is not absorbed into the blood stream

A

local routes

22
Q

What are the 2 routes of systemic drug administration

A
  1. enteral (orally)

2. Parenteral

23
Q

What are the 7 ways of parenteral drug administration

A
  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. SQ
  4. IP
  5. IO
  6. TM
  7. Inhalation
24
Q

What are the advantages to the enteral route of drug administration?

A
  1. Convenient
  2. Feeding tubes useful
  3. infection site is not a concern
  4. can decontaminate
25
Q

What are the disadvantages to the enteral route of drug administration?

A
  1. slower onset of action
  2. inactivation by gastric pH digestive enzymes, rumen microflora
  3. Food or other drugs may affect absorption
  4. Gi activity and integrity
  5. irritant drugs may cause GI upset
  6. Palatability
  7. Patient compliance
  8. Owner compliance
26
Q

What are some advantages of intravenous drug administration?

A
  1. rapid onset
  2. less irritating than inj. into tissue
  3. Larger volumes can be given
27
Q

What are some disadvantages to IV drug administration

A
  1. risk of complications

2. some drugs can irritate veins

28
Q

What are some advantages to IM drug admin.?

A
  1. rapidly absorbed
  2. longer duration than IV
  3. suspensions can be given IM
29
Q

What are some disadvantages to IM drug admin.?

A
  1. Risk of tissue damage

2. admin. site infection

30
Q

What are some advantages of Sub Q admin.?

A
  1. Slow but constant absorption
  2. Longer duration of action
  3. Can give at home in some cases
31
Q

What are some disadvantages of Sub Q admin.?

A
  1. Slow onset
  2. Irritating durgs cannot be used
  3. Admin. site infection possible
32
Q

What are some Advantages of Intraosseous drug admin.?

A
  1. fluids flow as well as IV route
  2. Rapid access for emergencies
  3. CPR drugs can be given IO
  4. Useful in neonates and tiny patients
33
Q

What are the Disadvantages of intraosseous drug admin.?

A
  1. Short term use only
  2. Some drugs cannot be given IO
  3. Special equipment required
  4. pain
34
Q

What are the 5 Therapeutic factors that affect route selection.

A
  1. Onset of action
  2. Duration of action
  3. Site of action
  4. Adverse reactions
  5. Length of required threatment
35
Q

What are the 4 Drug factors that affect route selection.

A
  1. irritating properties
  2. Solubility
  3. pH
  4. Viscosity
36
Q

List the routes of administration based on onset of action.

A

IV or IO > Inhalation> Transmucosal> IM> SQ> Enteral

37
Q

Which active ingredient in plants are basic nitrogenous substances that end in -ine

A

Alkaloids

38
Q

What type of oils will evaporate when exposed to air?

A

volatile oils

39
Q

Which of the following route of drug administration will have the fastest onset of action?

a. Intramuscular
b. Inhalation
c. Per os
d. Transmucosal

A

b. Inhalation

Pharmacology 1 (22 decks)

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