Exam 1: Sources of Drugs and Routes of Administration Flashcards
List 4 ways drugs are classified based on physical state.
- Solid
- Liquid
- Semisolid
- Gases or Vapors
What are the 3 general categories of drug sources
- Natural
- Semisynthetic
- Synthetic
List some active compounds in plants
- alkaloids
- Glycosides
- Resins
- Gums
- Tannins
- Fixed oils
- Volatile oils
Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water.
Alkaloids
How do you know a medication contains Alkaloids?
End with -ine
What can precipitate alkaloids, acid or base?
acid
Sugars combined with other organic structures
Glycosides
Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils
Resins
Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees
Gums
Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce an astringent effect.
Tannins
What are the two types of oils
- Fixed oils
2. volatile oils
Stable oils that will not evaporate when exposed to air
Stable oils
Oils that will evaporate readily when exposed to air
Volatile oils
List 3 examples of drugs from animals?
- Blood
- Plasma
- Hormones
List some drugs from fungi?
penicillin
streptomycin
tetracyclines
polymyxins
List some drugs from bacteria
Bacitracin
Actinomycin D
Drugs from natural sources and chemically treated
semisynthetic sources
highly purified substances prepared synthetically
synthetic sources
What are the 2 general routes of drug administration
- local routes
2. systemic routes
Route of drug administration that is absorbed into the bloodstream
systemic routes
Route of drug administration that is not absorbed into the blood stream
local routes
What are the 2 routes of systemic drug administration
- enteral (orally)
2. Parenteral
What are the 7 ways of parenteral drug administration
- IV
- IM
- SQ
- IP
- IO
- TM
- Inhalation
What are the advantages to the enteral route of drug administration?
- Convenient
- Feeding tubes useful
- infection site is not a concern
- can decontaminate
What are the disadvantages to the enteral route of drug administration?
- slower onset of action
- inactivation by gastric pH digestive enzymes, rumen microflora
- Food or other drugs may affect absorption
- Gi activity and integrity
- irritant drugs may cause GI upset
- Palatability
- Patient compliance
- Owner compliance
What are some advantages of intravenous drug administration?
- rapid onset
- less irritating than inj. into tissue
- Larger volumes can be given
What are some disadvantages to IV drug administration
- risk of complications
2. some drugs can irritate veins
What are some advantages to IM drug admin.?
- rapidly absorbed
- longer duration than IV
- suspensions can be given IM
What are some disadvantages to IM drug admin.?
- Risk of tissue damage
2. admin. site infection
What are some advantages of Sub Q admin.?
- Slow but constant absorption
- Longer duration of action
- Can give at home in some cases
What are some disadvantages of Sub Q admin.?
- Slow onset
- Irritating durgs cannot be used
- Admin. site infection possible
What are some Advantages of Intraosseous drug admin.?
- fluids flow as well as IV route
- Rapid access for emergencies
- CPR drugs can be given IO
- Useful in neonates and tiny patients
What are the Disadvantages of intraosseous drug admin.?
- Short term use only
- Some drugs cannot be given IO
- Special equipment required
- pain
What are the 5 Therapeutic factors that affect route selection.
- Onset of action
- Duration of action
- Site of action
- Adverse reactions
- Length of required threatment
What are the 4 Drug factors that affect route selection.
- irritating properties
- Solubility
- pH
- Viscosity
List the routes of administration based on onset of action.
IV or IO > Inhalation> Transmucosal> IM> SQ> Enteral
Which active ingredient in plants are basic nitrogenous substances that end in -ine
Alkaloids
What type of oils will evaporate when exposed to air?
volatile oils
Which of the following route of drug administration will have the fastest onset of action?
a. Intramuscular
b. Inhalation
c. Per os
d. Transmucosal
b. Inhalation
