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Histology > Exam3Lec7UrinarySystem > Flashcards

Exam3Lec7UrinarySystem Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the urinary system? And what are their fxn’s?

A
  • Kidneys -> filtration = removal of fluid + waste from the blood->secreted as urine
  • Ureters ->deliver urine from kidney to the bladder
  • Urinary Bladder-> storage site for urine
  • Urethra ->excretes urine from the bladder
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2
Q

List how the epithelium of the urinary system changes from kidneys to urethra

A
  1. Kidneys = changes as urine passes; mostly simple cuboidal w/ microvilli (exception: thin loop of henle = simple squamous)
  2. Ureters = transitional; stratified epithelium w/ umbrella cells
  3. Bladder = transitional
  4. Urethra = (male reproductive)-> prostatic urethra = transitional & penile urethra = columnar
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3
Q

What is the epithelium of the kidneys? What is the exception?

A

simple cuboidal w/ microvilli
EXCEPTION: thin descending loop of henle = simple squamous

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4
Q

What is the fxn of the kidneys?

A

filtration of blood -> removal of waste as urine
Ability to reabsorb stuff allows for adjustments to urine as it moves through

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5
Q

What is the organization of the kidney?

A
  • Capsule = dense CT layer: can contain, artery veins and nerves
  • Cortex = outer layer
    (a)Renal corpuscles=glomerulus + bowman’s capsule
    (b) proximal / distal convoluted tubule.
  • Medulla = inner layer
    (a) Straight tubules + loop of Henle + collecting duct
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6
Q

What contains many nephrons in the kindeys?

A

renal lobules

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7
Q

What is a nephron and the 2 types?

A

filtration unit = spans across the cortex + medulla
2 types = cortical nephron + juxtamedullary nephron (near medulla)

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8
Q

What is the artery that brings blood to the kidney and its branches?

A

Renal artery
Arcuate artery (btw cortex+medulla)
Branches: afferent and and efferent arterioles

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9
Q

What is the fxn of the afferent and efferent arterioles that branch of the renal artery?

A

Afferent arterioles ->supply blood directly to the glomerulus for filtration
Efferent arterioles -> receives filtered blood + leaves the glomerulus

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10
Q

What is the Vasa recta?

A

network of blood vessels -> provides countercurrent exchange
Surrounds the loop of Henle in the medulla

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11
Q

What is the lxn and fxn of the glomerulus of the kidney?

A

lxn: in renal corpuscle (in renal cortex)
fxn: site for blood filtration

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12
Q

What are the 4 components of the glomerulus?

A
  1. Bowman’s capsule
  2. Afferent arteriole
  3. Mesangial cells
  4. Basement membrane
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13
Q

What is the Bowman’s Capsule of the glomerulis and what is its layers?

A

BC: outer covering of glomerulus
Parietal layer -> simple squamous epithelial cells
Visceral layer -> podocyte cells

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14
Q

What is the fxn of afferent arterioles in relation to the glomeruls and what does it contain?

A

fxn:delivers unfiltered blood to glomerulus
Contains JG cells (smooth muscle cells)

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15
Q

What is the fxn of Mesangial cells?

A

phagocytosis of B.M. + synthesis of GF / IL
support + synthesis of growth factors and interluekins

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16
Q

What is the fxn of the basement membrane of the Glomerulus and list the layers and what they contain

A

fxn: blocks (-) charge particles + proteins
Outer layer ->Lamina Rara Externa = anions + heparan sulfate
Middle layer->Lamina Densa = type IV (4) collagen
Inner layer ->Lamina Rara Interna = anions + heparan sulfate

17
Q

Glomerus BM blocks passage of what?

A

Proteins larger than 70KD and the anions block molecules of smaller size

18
Q

Slit membrane blocks what?
Fenestrated capillary endothelium blocks passage of what?

A

bulk diffusion and cellular elements

19
Q

Filtration apparatus=____ + ____

A

Filtration apparatus = glomerulus + bowman’s capsule

20
Q

Glomerulus=____ + ____

A

Glomerulus = capillaries (endothelial cells) + B.M. (lamina rara externa / interna)

21
Q

What layer of the Bowman’s capsule is involved in blood filtration?

A

visceral layer (podocytes w/ their pedicles)

22
Q

List the steps of how filtration occurs, starting at the glomerulus

A
  1. afferent arterioles (contain JG cells) deliver unfiltered blood to the glomerular capillaries
  2. fluid + waste exit blood as filtrate through gaps b/n endothelial cells of the capillary
  3. filtrate crosses B.M. of the glomerulus -> filters out (-) particles + proteins (>70kD)
    (a) Passes through lamina rara externa 1st ->lamina densa -> lamina rara interna
  4. filtrate passes through membrane of filtration slits b/n the pedicles of podocytes
  5. filtrate crosses visceral layer of bowman’s capsule->enters bowman’s space
  6. urine (filtrate) leaves glomerulus -> excreted into the proximal convoluted tubule
23
Q

What diesease can occur if there is alteration of the Basement membrane of the glomerulus?

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome & glomerulonephritis

24
Q

What disease can occur if there are alterations of the pedicles of podocytes in bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerulosclerosis = fusion of the pedicle foot processes

25
Q

What is the fxn of the JG apparatus?

A

Fxn = regulates blood flow + filtrate production

26
Q

What are the components of the JG apparatus?

A

JG Cells
Lxn: in afferent arterioles (as modified SMCs)
fxn: secrete renin -> regulates blood pressure
Macula Densa
lxn: distal convoluted tubules
Mesangial Cells
lxn: glomerulus
Stimulated by angiotensin 2

27
Q

Explain the RAASS system

A
  • JG cells secrete Renin = converts angiotensinogen ->angiotensin 1
  • In the lungs, angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2
  • Angiotensin 2 stimulates adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
  • Aldosterone increases Na+ & H2O reabsorption in the collecting duct
  • An increase in blood volume results in increased blood pressure
28
Q

What are the tubes of the kidney?

A
  1. Proximal Convuluted Tubule (PCT)
  2. Loop of Henle-Thin Descending Limb
  3. Loop of Henle – Thick Ascending Limb
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  5. Collecting Duct (CD)
29
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
1. Epithelium
2. Fxn

A
  1. Epithelium: = simple cuboidal w/ microvilli
    Microvilli -> absorption
    Basal striations-> increase SA for more mitochondria
  2. Fxn:reabsorption of 70-80% of filtrate
    Na+, sugar, proteins + amino acids leave to re-enter the blood

NOTE: microvilli stain pink -> only see in PCT

30
Q

Loop of Henle – Thin Descending Limb
1. Epithelium
2. Fxn

A
  1. Epithelium: simple squamous
  2. Fxn: reabsorption of Na+ & H20 from filtrate
31
Q

Loop of Henle – Thick Ascending Limb
1. Epithelium
2. Fxn

A
  1. Epithelium:= simple cuboidal w/ few microvilli
  2. Fxn: reabsorption of Na+ from filtrate
32
Q

Collecting Duct (CD)
1. Epithelium
2. Fxn

A
  1. Epithelium:simple cuboidal w/ few microvilli + basal striations
  2. Fxn:conc. or dilute the urine as needed via ADH
33
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
1. Epithelium
2. Fxn

A
  1. Epithelium:simple cuboidal w/ few microvilli
  2. Fxn:reabsorption of Na+ & H20 from filtrate
34
Q

Where do we see transitional epithelium?

A

Urinary system structures: major/minor calyx(inside kidney) + ureters + bladder

35
Q

Urinary system w/ transitional epithelium
Lxn?
plasma membrane Fxn?

A

Lxn:major/minor calyx (inside kidney) + ureters + bladder
Fxn: plasma membrane protects structures from damage d/t contact with urine

36
Q

What are transitional epithelial cells? Are they permeable to water and ions?

A

Umbrella cells contain plaques w/ actin -> helps w/ distention
Impermeable to water + ions-> thus, no reabsorption occurs

37
Q

What are ureters characterized by?

A

3 layers of muscle

38
Q

Ureters
Epithelium?
Lxn?
Fxn?

A

Epithelium: = transitional
Lxn: travel from kidneys-> bladder
Fxn:transport urine

Histology (39 decks)

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