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Histology > Exam2Lec8LymphoidSystem > Flashcards

Exam2Lec8LymphoidSystem Flashcards

1
Q

List lymphoid tissues of the lymphatic system (6)

A
  • Lymph node
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • GALT
  • BALT
  • Bone marrow
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2
Q

List immune cells (6)

A
  • macrophages
  • granulocytes
  • NK cells
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • dendritic cells
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3
Q

Does the response time for innate immunity take days or hours?

A

hours

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4
Q

Does the response time for adaptive immunity take days or hours?

A

days

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5
Q

What is the specificity of innate immunity?

A

limited and fixed

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6
Q

What is the specificity of adaptive immunity?

A
  • highly diverse
  • improves during course of immune response
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7
Q

What is the response of innate immunity to repeat infection?

A

identical to the primary response

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8
Q

What is the response of the adaptive immunity to repeat infection?

A

much more rapid than primary response = immune memory

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9
Q

What are the two types of barriers of innate immunity?

A
  • anatomical
  • physiological

ex: skin, bronchi, gut

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10
Q

What does innate immunity use to recognize PAMPS on antigens?

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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11
Q

Pattern recognition leads to ____ and ____.

A
  • phagocytosis
  • killing
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12
Q

Adaptive immunity is different from innate immunity because it requires which type of cells?

A

lymphocytes

takes longer bc need to present antigen

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13
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity (3)?

A
  • B cells
  • antibodies
  • serum mediators such as cytokines
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14
Q

Which two cells does cellular immunity use?

A
  • killer T lymphocytes (CD8+)
  • phagocytes
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15
Q

What do both humoral and cellular immunity require?

A
  • T helper cells (CD4+ = MHC II)
  • APC
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16
Q

Is a Tc cell (cytotoxic T = CD8+ = MHC I) part of humoral immunity, cellular immunity, or both?

A

only cellular immunity

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17
Q

What is the function of cellular immunity?

A

kills microbes (cytotoxicity)

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18
Q

What is the function of humoral immunity?

A

generates plasma cells to produce antibodies

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19
Q

What is an important feature of adaptive immunity? Why?

A
  • memory
  • future exposure elicits a faster/better response = have antibodies specific to antigen
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20
Q

What are the results of inflammation and tissue damage during infection which leads to an influx of serum factors and cells?

A
  • swelling, heat, pain, redness,
  • allergy and asthma
  • graft rejection and graft vs. host disease
  • autoimmune disease

keep in mind we have vasodilation occur first then we have multiple issues

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21
Q

Where are T cells located?

A

thymus

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22
Q

Where are B cells located?

A

bone marrow & GALT

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23
Q

List the secondary organs/tissues (5)

A
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue (e.g. peyer’s patch, appendix, GALT)
  • lymphoid nodules
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
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24
Q

Which organ is primary and secondary lymphoid organ?

A

GALT

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid nodules? What do they consist of?

A
  • primary lymphoid nodule = consist of small lymphocytes (inactive B cells) with no germinal center
  • secondary lymphoid nodule = consist of large lymphocytes in the peripheral zone & large lymphocytes (active B cells) located in germinal center

secondary=activated b/c germinal center
activated B cells become plasma cells

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of germinal cells (4)?

A
  1. located in the center of the nodule (follicle)
  2. stains light due to large amount of cytoplasm and euchromatin
  3. develop in response to antigens
  4. site of active B cells (B cells proliferate = differentiate into plasma cells = produce antibodies)
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27
Q

What is lymphadenitis? What causes it?

A
  • Enlargement/swelling of lymph nodes
  • Caused by edema and hyperplasia of lymphatic nodules
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28
Q

What are the symptoms of lymphadenitis? (4)

A
  1. swollen, palpable, and tender lymph nodes
  2. fever
  3. chills
  4. general weakness
29
Q

What are the most common causes of lymphadenitis in the neck region (2)?

A

tonsillitis and pharyngitis

30
Q

Which organs/tissues (2) have a single nodule or aggregates with no capsule?

A
  • Peyer’s patch (ileum)
  • Appendix

nodules + no capsule

31
Q

Which organ has nodules and a partial capsule?

A

tonsils

nodule + partial capsule

32
Q

Which organs have nodules and a well-developed capsule (2)?

A

lymph node and spleen

nodules + complete capsule

33
Q

Recent evidence suggests that lymphatic tissue in the appendix is a site for what?

A

B cells differentiation into immunocompetent cells

34
Q

What does the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue of the Waldeyer’s ring comprise (4)?

A
  • Nasopharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
  • The paired tubal tonsils
  • The paired palatine tonsils
  • The lingual tonsil
35
Q

What type of epithelium lines the adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsils?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

36
Q

Does the adenoid (pharyngeal) tonsil contain fewer or many primary and secondary lymphoid nodules (follicles)?

A

fewer

37
Q

What type of epithelium lines the palatine tonsil?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

Does the palatine tonsil contain many or fewer primary and secondary nodules (follicles)?

A

many

39
Q

What is the function of crypts in the palatine tonsil?

A

increase tonsil surface area = allows antigens to hide

40
Q

Lymph nodes are found in ______ throughout the body as ______ lymphoid structures

A
  • clusters
  • encapsulated
41
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

filters and entraps antigens from the lymph and supports the immune system

42
Q

What composes the lymph nodes (4)?

A
  • capsule
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • sinuses = interconnected channels (subcapsular, trabecular, medullary) where lymph travels and is filtered
43
Q

Lymph enters via ___ lymphatic vessel to ____ sinuses, percolates (filters) through tissue of lymph node and exits the ____ lymphatic vessel

A
  • afferent
  • subcapsular
  • efferent
44
Q

What does the outer cortex of the lymph nodes contain?

A

lymphoid nodules = B cell zones

45
Q

What does the inner cortex (deep cortex, paracortex) of the lymph nodes contain?

A

T cell zones

46
Q

Which structure of the brainstem contains a high number of plasma cells?

A

medulla

47
Q

List the order of lymphatic flow (5)

A
  1. Afferent vessel = lymphatic fluid (lymphocytes) arrive
  2. Subcapsular sinus
  3. Trabecular sinus
  4. Medullary sinus
  5. Efferent vessel = lymph fluid (lymphoytes) exit
48
Q

Where are the majority of T cells located in the lymph node?

A

deep cortex

49
Q

Where are B cells located in the lymph node?

A

germinal centers in superficial (outer) cortex

50
Q

What are high endothelial venules (HEV) and where are they found?

A
  • specialized postcapillary venules
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • aggregated or solitary lymph nodules (peyer’s patches) (not in the spleen)
51
Q

What is the function of HEV?

A

support high levels of B and T lymphocyte migration from the blood

52
Q

What type of endothelium does HEV have and what is it able to do?

A

*cuboidal endothelium
*has the ability to recruit large amounts of lymphocytes (possess receptors for antigen-primed cells)

53
Q

What type of fibers produce fibroblasts?

A

reticular

54
Q

Which cells produce reticular fibers in lymphatic tissue?

A

reticular

55
Q

How are reticular fibers arranged?

A

arranged in a mesh-like network

56
Q

Which type of collagen are reticular fibers?

A

Type III

57
Q

What type of endothelium lines lymphatic capillaries?

A

simple sqaumous

58
Q

Do lymphatic capillaries have complete or incomplete basal lamina? Is this fenestrated or non-fenestrated?

A

*incomplete basal lamina
*fenestrated
fenestrated capillaries = digestive organs and pancreas

59
Q

Where do lymphocytes enter major lymphatic vessels on the right side of the body?

A

right lymphatic trunk

60
Q

Where do lymphocytes enter major lymphatic vessels on the left side of the body?

A

thoracic duct

61
Q

What are the functions of the spleen (5)?

A
  1. filtration of blood
  2. removal of aged or damaged RBCs, old platelets, and blood-born foreign matter
  3. site of immune response
  4. platelet storage
  5. filters antigens out of the blood and promotes immune response = w/o spleen more susceptibility to blood-borne infections (e.g. post-splenectomy sepsis)
62
Q

What are the 6 structures of the spleen?

A
  1. capsule
  2. trabeculae
  3. reticular meshwork
  4. red pulp
  5. white pulp
  6. lymphatic vessels
63
Q

What does the reticular meshwork of the spleen contain?

A

reticular cells and reticular fibers

64
Q

What does the red pulp of the spleen consist of?

A

splenic cords and splenic sinuses

65
Q

What does the white pulp of the spleen contain?

A
  • periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) (around central artery) = T cells
  • lymphoid nodules = B cells
66
Q

What does the lymphatic vessels of the spleen contain?

A
  • efferent only
  • present in white pulp, trabeculae, and capsule b/c lymphocytes enter through blood since spleen does not filter lymph
67
Q

What do discontinuous capillaries contain and where are they found?

A
  • gaps between endothelial cells
  • discontinous basal lamina
  • spleen and liver
68
Q

Explain open and closed circulation in the spleen

A

closed circulation - blood empties from the vessels of the white pulp into sheathed capillaries of the red pulp and then directly into the sinuses.
open circulation - blood empties from the sheathed capillaries into the splenic cords and then enters the sinuses through slits in the wall.

69
Q

Case: Hereditary Spherocytosis
A 25-year-old Japanese man was seen at the doctors office with mild anemia with reticulocytosis, increased serum unconjugated bilirubin and splenomegaly suggesting the presence of persistent hemolysis. The blood film showed a moderate anisocytosis (variability of size of erythrocytes), increased spherocytes (small, globular erythrocytes). Additional tests were done and the results were consistent with a diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis (HS). **The splenomegaly in this disease was associated with spleen’s involvement in active removal of abnormal red blood cells, spherocytes.
**
Question: Which of the following cells in the spleen were primarily involved in this process?

A. Endothelial
B. Macrophages
C. Periarterial Lymphatic sheath
D. Reticular
E. Lymphoid nodule

A

B. Macrophages = phagocytosis of abnormal RBCs

Endothelial = gaps allow passage of RBCs
Periarterial Lymphatic sheath = T cells
Reticular = type III collagen = capsule
Lymphoid nodule = B cells

Histology (39 decks)

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