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Histology > Exam1Lec3Epithelium > Flashcards

Exam1Lec3Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exterior of epithelium?

A

skin

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2
Q

What is the interior of epithelium?

A

Interior = body tubes
* Mesothelium :inside body cavities/covering internal organs
* Endothelium: inside vascular + lymphatic systems
* Endocardium: inside heart

alex said dw abt these bc will learn later

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3
Q

What is the function of epithlium?

A

Secretory tissue of glands + ducts
Specialized receptors for senses (smell, taste, etc.)

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4
Q

What is th structure of epithelium, (inner to outer)

A

Apical (domain) layer faces the lumen
Cellular layer
Basal (domain) layer faces the basement membrane

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5
Q

What are characteristics of epithelium?

A

Cell junctions = connect cells to BM or other cells
Basement membrane = layer underneath epithelium

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6
Q

What is epithelioid tissue and its locations?

A

Epithelioid tissue is devoid of an apical (free) surface

Locations:
Endocrine glands = adrenal gland, anterior pituitary gland, pancreas
Epithelioreticular cells = in the thymus
Epithelium-derived tumors = epithelial ovarian carcinoma

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7
Q

Basement membrane of epithelium and connective tissue can also be called what?
What is is made of?
What underlies it?

A

Basement membrane = basal lamina

Made up of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules = collagen, laminins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

Underlying the basement membrane is connective tissue (reticular fibers=collagen III fibers)

Epithelium -> Basement Membrane (BM) ->Connective Tissue (CT)

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8
Q

What is mucosa in epithelium and connective tissue?

A

Mucosa = epithelium + basement membrane + connective tissue (lamina propria)
Can sometimes include muscle
Lines digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

will test mucosa vs serosa

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9
Q

What is serosa in epithelium and connective tissue?

A

Serosa = epithelium (mesothelium) + basement membrane + connective tissue
Does NOT have muscle
Lines body cavities (peritoneal, pericardial, pleural cavities

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10
Q

What are the 2 main types of epithelium?

A

Simple = 1 layer of cells
Stratified = 1 or more layers of cells

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11
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of epithelium? ( these describe the shape)

A

squamous, columnar, cuboidal

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12
Q

What is squamous epithelium?

A

Squamous = flat cells

We have
1. Simple squamous
2. Stratified squamous ->keratinized or non-keratinized

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13
Q

What is columnar epithelium?

A

Columnar = long / tall cells
We have:
1. Simple columnar -> ciliated or non-ciliated
2. Stratified columnar (ciliated or non)
3. Pseudostratified columnar (Not all epithelial cells reach the apical surface) ciliated or non

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14
Q

What is cuboidal epithelium?

A

Cuboidal = cube-shaped cells
We have:
1. Simple cuboidal
2. Stratified cuboidal
3. Transitional cuboidal: Marked by transition in cell shape across the epithelium

transitional is LY

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15
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Simple Squamous = 1 layer of flattened cells

  • Endothelium ->lines interior of circulatory system
  • Mesothelium ->lines interior of body cavities; covers organs (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
    -Ex. = pleura (lungs) ->alveolar type 1 cell = simple squamous
    -Ex. = peritoneum (abdomen) ->kidney = simple squamous
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16
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Stratified Squamous = 1+ layers of flattened cells

Classified as keratinized or non-keratinized
Keratinized = appear as layers of squamous cells above apical surface
Ex. = epidermis

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17
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?
classified as?
secretory and/or sensory fxn?

A

Simple Columnar = 1 layer of tall cells

Classified as ciliated or non-ciliated
* Sensory function -> eyes (cornea) + inner ear/nose/buccal cavities
* Secretory function -> digestive (small intestine) + reproductive systems

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18
Q

What is stratified columnar epithelium?
classified as?
secretory and/or sensory fxn?

A

Stratified Columnar = 1+ layers of tall cells
Classified as ciliated or non-ciliated
* Secretory function -> large ducts of exocrine glands

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19
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

classified as?
secretory and/or sensory fxn?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar = 1+ layers of tall cells w/some not reaching apical surface
Classified as ciliated or non-ciliated
* Secretory function ->respiratory system
Ex. = goblet cells secrete mucus to protect surface

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20
Q

What is simple cuboidal epthelium?

A

Simple Cuboidal = 1 layer of cube-shaped cells
* Small ducts of exocrine glands = pancreas-> absorption
* Germinal epithelium = surface of ovary->barrier
* Kidney tubules -> absorption
* Thyroid follicles ->absorption

Cuboidal = centered nucleus

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21
Q

What type of tissue is this

on exam

A

simple cuboidal

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22
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epitheloums?

A

1+ layers of cube-shaped cells

Large ducts of exocrine glands
Ex. = sweat glands

Cuboidal = centered nucleus

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23
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what makes up the cytoskeleton

A

Cytoskeleton = non-membranous organelle structure
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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24
Q

Explain what are microtubules?

A

25nm
Made up of tubulin = protein
Contain alpha + beta subunits
Formed at MTOC (i.e., centrosome)
Bound by kinesin + dynein

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25
Q

Explain intermediate filaments

A

(10nm)
6 different types
Acidic, basic, vimentin-like, neurofilaments, lamins, nestin

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26
Q

Explain microfilaments

A

Actin - 5nm
Made up of g-actin that will form f-actin
Bound by myosin [for muscle contraction]

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27
Q

What are apical modifications?

A

Modifications made to the apical surface of the epithelium

include non motile, actin containing microvilli and sterocolia. Also includes motile cilia whihch contain microtubules and dynein arms

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28
Q

Microvilli
motile or non motile?
Contains?
Fxn?

A

Non-motile
Contain actin (micro) filaments
Fxn = absorption -> spreads apart d/t myosin

Striated border” (intestines) or “brush border” (kidneys)

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29
Q

Stereocilia

9+0 or 9+2?
motile or non motile?
Contains?
Fxn?

A

9+0
Contain actin (micro) filaments
Fxn = absorption (epididymis) + sensory (vestibular hair cells)

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30
Q

Cilia
9+0 or 9+2?
motile or non motile?
Contains?

A

9+2w
Motile -> beat in a synchronous pattern
Contain 9 microtubules w/dynein arms + center doublet

Found in trachea, bronchi, oviducts, ependyma, sperm

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31
Q

Epithelial Modification Disorders

What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)

A

dysfunctional cilia (or flagella in sperm cells)

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32
Q

What are 2 ex of Epithelial Modification Disorders of the respiratory tract?

A

Kartagener’s syndrome and Young’s syndrome

Respiratory Tract -> failure of ciliary motility + mucociliary transport leads to chronuc resp problesm like bronchitis, sinusitis, asthma,etc

33
Q

What is Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

=structural absence of dynein arms (microtubules)

34
Q

What is Young’s syndrome?

A

malformation of dynein arms (microtubules)

35
Q

What are the Epithelial Modification Disorders of the reproductive tract?

A

failure of flagellum (sperm) or cilia (fallopian tubes)

leads to Infertility (males) or ectopic pregnancy (females

36
Q

What are the Epithelial Modification Disorders of the nervous system?

A

failure of cilia (ependyma in brain ventricles)

Leads to Hydrocephalus internus = non-motile cilia unable to move CSF out of the ventricles

37
Q

Epithelial specialization

What is the apical domain?

A

Modifications = microvilli + stereocilia + cilia
Keratin (stratified squamous)

38
Q

Epithelial specialization

What is the lateral domain?

A

Cell junctions = zonula occludens, zonula adherens, macula adherens, gap junctions

Lateral folds lead to increased lateral surface area in cells transporting fluids + electrolytes

39
Q

What are the 3 types of lateral cell junctions of the lateral domain?

A
  • Occluding junctions = primary intercellular diffusion barrier
  • Anchoring junctions = mechanical stability of cells via actin or intermediate filaments
  • ‘Communicating junctions = direct communication b/n cells by diffusion
40
Q

What are the proteins of the occluding junction of the lateral domain?

occluding junction=zonula occuludens

A

occludin, claudin, junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

41
Q

What are the proteins of the anchoring junction of the lateral domain

anchoring junction= zonula adherens + macula adherens (desmosomes)

A

E-cadherins (z.a.) + cadherins (m.a.)

42
Q

What is the protein associates with the commmunicating junction of the lateral domain?

communicating junction=gap junctioris

A

connexin

43
Q

Epithelial specialization

What is the basal domain?

A

Anchoring Cell junctions = hemidesmosomes, focal adhesions
and
Basement membrane = ECM molecules

Basement membrane = attachment site for epithelial cells
Basal membrane inholdings lead to increased basal surface area in cells involved in active transport

44
Q

What do both hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions do?

A

Anchor cells to ECM

hemi: anchoring junction to interm filaments
focal: anchoring junction ti actin (micro) filaments

extra cellular matrix

45
Q

Tight junctions can also be called what?
What is the fxn ?

slide 14 TA

A

Zonula occludens

Seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them.

46
Q

Adherens junctions can also be called what?
What is the fxn?

slide 14 TA

A

Zonula Adherens
Joims actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell

47
Q

Desmosome can also be called what? What is the fxn?

A

Macula Adherens
Joins the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbor

48
Q

What is the fxn of gap junction?

A

Allows the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules.

49
Q

What is the fxn hemidesmosoome?

A

Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

50
Q

What is the fxn of focal adhesions?

A

Anchor actin filaments of the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

51
Q

What is the protein associated with the anchoring junctions of the basal domain

anchoring junctions=hemidesmosomes + focal adhesion

A

Integrins

52
Q

What is the difference bewteen lateral and basal jxn?

A

Lateral jxn = cell to cell
Basal jxn = cell to BM

53
Q

Epithelial cell junction targets

What is Clostridium Perfringens?

A

attacks zonula occludens by binding to claudin

Breaks down tight junctions
Results in food poisoning

54
Q

Epithelial cell junction targets

What is Helicobacter Pylori?

A

attacks zonula occludens by binding to occludens proteins

  • Proteins = occludin, claudin, JAM
  • Binds tight junctions but does NOT break them down
  • Results in injury to the protective barrier of the stomach
55
Q

Basal membrane can also be called what?

A

basal lamina/lamina densa

basement memb: detected by LM
basement lam: detected by EM

56
Q

How are glands formed by the epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells proliferate downward+penetrate underlying CT

57
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine gland = does NOT contact the surface

Exocrine gland = does contact the surface

58
Q

What are the different mechanisms of exocrine gland secretion?

A
  • Merocrine (sweat) = membrane bound vesicles
  • Apocrine (mammary) = surrounded by mem. + cytoplasm
  • Holocrine (sebaceous) = entire cell breaks open
59
Q

What are the types of secretion from exocrine glands?

A
  • Mucous = viscous, slimy, water-soluble secretion
  • Serous = non-viscous, watery secretion
  • Mixed = combination of both mucous + serous secretions
60
Q

What does the left side of this picture represent?

A

Mucous

61
Q

What does the right side of this picture represent?

A

serous

has a darker stain

62
Q

What type of tissue is box 1?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium

63
Q

What does box 1 represent?

A

red blood cells in the lumen of a blood vessel

64
Q

What type of tisseu does block 1 represent?

A

Mesothelium (simple squamos epithelium)

65
Q

What type of tissue does box 1 and 2 represent?

A

Box 1: Simple cuboidal epithelium
Box 2: simple columnar epithelium

66
Q

What type of tissue does box 1 represent?

A

Simple squamos epithelium

67
Q

What type of tissue does box 1 represent?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

68
Q

What is box 1 and box 2?

A

Box 1: goblet cell
Box 2: simple columnar epithelium

69
Q

What does box 1 and 2 represent?

A

Box 1: Lumen
Box 2: Stratified squampus epithelium (non-keratinized)

70
Q

What does box 1,2,3,4,5 represent?

hint- 1 is the name and the rest are layers

A

Box 1: Epidermis
Box 2: Stratum Corneum
Box 3: Stratum Spinosum
Box 4: Stratum Granulosum
Bix 5: Stratum Basale

71
Q

What does box 6,7,8,9 represent?

hint-6 is the name and 7,8 are layers

A

Box 6: Dermis
Box 7: Paillary Layer
Box 8: Reticular Layer
Box 9: Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)

72
Q

What does box 1,2,3 represent?

A

Box 1: Stratified keratinized epithelium
Box 2: Outer surfacr skin with hair follicles
Box 3: Sebaceuous gland

73
Q

What does box 1 and 2 represent

A

Box 1: Pacinian corpuscle
Box 2: sweat gland ( stratified cuboidal epithelium of duct)

74
Q

What does box 1 represent?

A

Transitional epithelium (“umbrella” cells)

75
Q

What is box 1?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

76
Q

What does this represent?

A

Mucous

77
Q

What does box 1 represent?

A

Serous

78
Q

What is the arrow pointing to (white spaces lining this tissue)?

A

Goblet cells

Histology (39 decks)

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