Exam2Lec2RespiratorySystem

Question 1

Where do we find olfactory epithelium?

Answer 1

superior aspect of the Nasal cavity

it lines the roof of nasal cavity and has specialized sensory fxn

Question 2

What types of cells do we see in the olfactory epith?

Answer 2

pseudostratified columnar cells

Question 3

What are the layers of the olfactory epithelium from inner (lumen) to outer (CT)?

Answer 3

• Supportive (sustentacular) cells
• Olfactory receptor cells w/ non-motile cilia (9 +2)
• Basal (stem) cells=neuronal cells w/axons

non motile cilia do NOT have dynein arms

Question 4

Axons from basal cells extend through what to establish olfactory nerves?

Answer 4

Extend through the b.m. + underlying tissue

olfactory nerves provide sensory fxn of smell

Question 5

What do olfactory glands/Bowmans glands do?

Answer 5

They have ducts that penentrate the epithelium to empty onto surface

glandular tissue=marked by simple cuboidal cells
glandular tissue is also found in the underlying CT beneath the b.m.

Question 6

The entrance to the larynx is ____ to the epiglottis

Answer 6

inferior

Question 7

The epithelium of the larynx varies, what type of epithelium can we see?

Answer 7

Varies from pseudostrat ciliated colum covering most of its surface to strat squamous, which may be found in patches and mixed with columnar cells to cover true vocal folds

Question 8

Where do we see greater amount of patches of strat. sq epithelium?

Answer 8

In smokers

Question 9

What structures make up the larynx?

Answer 9

Epiglottis, false vocal cord, true vocal cord

Question 10

The epiglottis is covered by 2 diff epitheliums,what are they?

Answer 10

ant: stratified sq
post: ciliated pseudostratified columanr

ciliated pseudostratified columar=respiratory epith

Question 11

What epithelium is in the false vocal cord?

Answer 11

ciliated pseudostratified columanar

Question 12

What epithelium is in the true vocal cord?

Answer 12

Stratified squamous

Question 13

what stuctures do we see in the underlying CT of the larynx?

Answer 13

1. Mucous glands: secrete mucous
2. Elastic cart: stains dark purple d/t elastic fibers

we don’t see these structures in the true vocal fold

Question 14

Cilia is motile due to what? And how does it beat?

Answer 14

Due to dynein arms and it beats forward in a synchronouus pattern

beats toward pharyynx

Question 15

Explain how the cilia beat forward in a synchronous pattern?

Answer 15

• Straightens + pushes against the mucous layer to project it forward
• Bends + dips below into the thin watery layer on the recovery beat

Question 16

What would happen if you damaged cilia?

Answer 16

• decr ability to clear mucous out of RT leading to build of mucous
• damage to the epithelium causes cells to shift and an incr in basal cells to replace damaged cells

Question 17

Loss of normal resp. (ciliated pseudostrat columnar) epith leads to what?

Answer 17

Lung diseases/cancer

Question 18

Where is the trachea located?

Answer 18

ant to the esophagus (posterior portion touching espophagus made of smooth muscle)

The post wall is composed of mainly smooth muscle bridging the gap in c-shaped cartilages

Question 19

What tissue is trachea covered by?

Answer 19

Ciliated pseudostratified columanar epithelium

Underlying CT contains some mucous glands
dense CT layer=perichondrium (covers hylanine cart)
hyaline cart (c-shaped tracheal rings)

Question 20

What two structures do you see all throughout the conducting and resp zone?

Answer 20

smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

also see epithelium, but becomes more cuboidal in resp bronchioles and then more sq as you hit the alveoli

Question 21

What lines the bronchi (bronchus) and what does it contain?

Answer 21

• lined with ciliated pseudostrat columanar epith
• contains hyaline cart + mucous + smooth muscle

bronchi and trachea are only resp structures that have hyaline cart

Question 22

Once you hit terminal bronchioles, what 3 structures do you NOT see?

Answer 22

goblet cell, glands, and hyaline cart

Question 23

We see ciliated cells up to which structure of the bronchial tree?

Answer 23

respiratory bronchiole

Question 24

What type of epithelium are terminal bronchioles lined with?

Answer 24

lined with a shorter ciliated pseudostrat columnar epith

not associated with alveoli

Question 25

What type of epithelium are respiratory bronchioles lined with?

Answer 25

simple cuboidal epith

primary process of gas exchange, associated w/ alveoli

Question 26

What type of muscle do bronchioles contain?

Answer 26

smooth

Question 27

Clara cells are dispersed among what type of epithelium?

Answer 27

Simple cuboidal epith, not in the bronchus (bronchi) bc it has hyaline cart

Question 28

As you move toward the respiratory bronchiole ____ cells increase in number as the ____ cells decrease.

Answer 28

clara, ciliated

Question 29

Where do clara cells first appear? where are they abundant?

Answer 29

First appear in termional bronchioles, abundant in resp bronchioles

Question 30

What is the fxn of clara cells?

Answer 30

Produce lipoprotein that prevents adhesion to the brionchiole wall in the event of tubular collapse

Question 31

What are the cellular components of the alveoli?

Answer 31

• Type 1 pneumocytes=squamous > gas exchange
• Type 2 pneumocytes=cuboidal > make surfactant
• Fibroblasts=spindle shaped
• Macrophages=irregular-shaped

Question 32

What forms the blood-air barrier for gas exchange?

Answer 32

alveoli

Question 33

How does the alveoli do gas exchange?

Answer 33

• O2 travels through type 1 pneumocytes-> to endothelial cells
• CO2 travels through endothelial cell-> through type 1 pneumocyte

Question 34

The branches of the pulmonary arteries run along with the ____ and ____ while the veins run ____.

Answer 34

bronchi and bronchioles, seperately

Question 35

What is hyaline membrane disease and what causes it?

Answer 35

Collapse of the alveoli.
lack of type 2 pneumocyte and this results in decr production of surfactant needed to prevent alveolar collapse.

Question 36

What does emphysema cause?

Answer 36

• destruction of alveolar walls = insufficient gas exchange during respiration
• loss of elastic weakens alveolar wall = enlarged air spaces

Question 37

What does asthma cause?

Answer 37

• inflammation and excess mucous secretion obstruct airways
• allergic reaction = IgE binds to mast cell = releases histamines

Question 38

What does cystic fibrosis cause?

Answer 38

Defective Cl- protein = decreased Cl- secretion = increased Na+ absorption which draws water out of mucous = abnormally thick mucous that is difficult to clear out of lungs

take out water from mucus, becomes thick, cant clear lungs