Exam2Lec2RespiratorySystem Flashcards
Where do we find olfactory epithelium?
superior aspect of the Nasal cavity
it lines the roof of nasal cavity and has specialized sensory fxn
What types of cells do we see in the olfactory epith?
pseudostratified columnar cells
What are the layers of the olfactory epithelium from inner (lumen) to outer (CT)?
- Supportive (sustentacular) cells
- Olfactory receptor cells w/ non-motile cilia (9 +2)
- Basal (stem) cells=neuronal cells w/axons
non motile cilia do NOT have dynein arms
Axons from basal cells extend through what to establish olfactory nerves?
Extend through the b.m. + underlying tissue
olfactory nerves provide sensory fxn of smell
What do olfactory glands/Bowmans glands do?
They have ducts that penentrate the epithelium to empty onto surface
glandular tissue=marked by simple cuboidal cells
glandular tissue is also found in the underlying CT beneath the b.m.
The entrance to the larynx is ____ to the epiglottis
inferior
The epithelium of the larynx varies, what type of epithelium can we see?
Varies from pseudostrat ciliated colum covering most of its surface to strat squamous, which may be found in patches and mixed with columnar cells to cover true vocal folds
Where do we see greater amount of patches of strat. sq epithelium?
In smokers
What structures make up the larynx?
Epiglottis, false vocal cord, true vocal cord
The epiglottis is covered by 2 diff epitheliums,what are they?
ant: stratified sq
post: ciliated pseudostratified columanr
ciliated pseudostratified columar=respiratory epith
What epithelium is in the false vocal cord?
ciliated pseudostratified columanar
What epithelium is in the true vocal cord?
Stratified squamous
what stuctures do we see in the underlying CT of the larynx?
- Mucous glands: secrete mucous
- Elastic cart: stains dark purple d/t elastic fibers
we don’t see these structures in the true vocal fold
Cilia is motile due to what? And how does it beat?
Due to dynein arms and it beats forward in a synchronouus pattern
beats toward pharyynx
Explain how the cilia beat forward in a synchronous pattern?
- Straightens + pushes against the mucous layer to project it forward
- Bends + dips below into the thin watery layer on the recovery beat
What would happen if you damaged cilia?
- decr ability to clear mucous out of RT leading to build of mucous
- damage to the epithelium causes cells to shift and an incr in basal cells to replace damaged cells
Loss of normal resp. (ciliated pseudostrat columnar) epith leads to what?
Lung diseases/cancer
Where is the trachea located?
ant to the esophagus (posterior portion touching espophagus made of smooth muscle)
The post wall is composed of mainly smooth muscle bridging the gap in c-shaped cartilages
What tissue is trachea covered by?
Ciliated pseudostratified columanar epithelium
Underlying CT contains some mucous glands
dense CT layer=perichondrium (covers hylanine cart)
hyaline cart (c-shaped tracheal rings)
What two structures do you see all throughout the conducting and resp zone?
smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
also see epithelium, but becomes more cuboidal in resp bronchioles and then more sq as you hit the alveoli
What lines the bronchi (bronchus) and what does it contain?
- lined with ciliated pseudostrat columanar epith
- contains hyaline cart + mucous + smooth muscle
bronchi and trachea are only resp structures that have hyaline cart
Once you hit terminal bronchioles, what 3 structures do you NOT see?
goblet cell, glands, and hyaline cart
We see ciliated cells up to which structure of the bronchial tree?
respiratory bronchiole
What type of epithelium are terminal bronchioles lined with?
lined with a shorter ciliated pseudostrat columnar epith
not associated with alveoli
What type of epithelium are respiratory bronchioles lined with?
simple cuboidal epith
primary process of gas exchange, associated w/ alveoli
What type of muscle do bronchioles contain?
smooth
Clara cells are dispersed among what type of epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epith, not in the bronchus (bronchi) bc it has hyaline cart
As you move toward the respiratory bronchiole ____ cells increase in number as the ____ cells decrease.
clara, ciliated
Where do clara cells first appear? where are they abundant?
First appear in termional bronchioles, abundant in resp bronchioles
What is the fxn of clara cells?
Produce lipoprotein that prevents adhesion to the brionchiole wall in the event of tubular collapse
What are the cellular components of the alveoli?
- Type 1 pneumocytes=squamous > gas exchange
- Type 2 pneumocytes=cuboidal > make surfactant
- Fibroblasts=spindle shaped
- Macrophages=irregular-shaped
What forms the blood-air barrier for gas exchange?
alveoli
How does the alveoli do gas exchange?
- O2 travels through type 1 pneumocytes-> to endothelial cells
- CO2 travels through endothelial cell-> through type 1 pneumocyte
The branches of the pulmonary arteries run along with the ____ and ____ while the veins run ____.
bronchi and bronchioles, seperately
What is hyaline membrane disease and what causes it?
Collapse of the alveoli.
lack of type 2 pneumocyte and this results in decr production of surfactant needed to prevent alveolar collapse.
What does emphysema cause?
- destruction of alveolar walls = insufficient gas exchange during respiration
- loss of elastic weakens alveolar wall = enlarged air spaces
What does asthma cause?
- inflammation and excess mucous secretion obstruct airways
- allergic reaction = IgE binds to mast cell = releases histamines
What does cystic fibrosis cause?
Defective Cl- protein = decreased Cl- secretion = increased Na+ absorption which draws water out of mucous = abnormally thick mucous that is difficult to clear out of lungs
take out water from mucus, becomes thick, cant clear lungs
