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Histology > Exam1Lec7Bone > Flashcards

Exam1Lec7Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cartilage is needed in order to form bone?

A

Hyanline cartilage

forms the precursoe skeleton for the formation of bone, endochondral bone formation

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2
Q

As the bone grows, the chondrocytes undergo ____ and then die.

A

Hypertrophy.

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3
Q

How are long bone and flat bones formed?

said we wont be tested on, but still talked aboujt it

A

Long bone formed via endochonral bone formation
Flat bone formed via intramembranous bone formation

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4
Q

What is the diaphysis of bone?

A

Compact bone

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5
Q

Bone is a ____ tissue with a ____ matrix, made up of calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals.

A

connective, minerlized (calcified)

calcium phosphate gives strength/hardness to bone

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6
Q

4 fxns of bone

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Anchoring muscle for movement
  3. Protection of underlying organs
  4. Storage site for calcium

bone has 99% of calcium

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7
Q

What is contained in the bone matrix?

A
  1. Calcium phosphate
  2. Type 1 coll
  3. GAGs
  4. Glycoproteins

fibrocart also have type 1 coll

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8
Q

The matrix spaces of the bone have lacunae similar to cartilage. What does the lacunae house?

A

Osteocytes

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9
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

This the the growth plate: a plate of compact bone that formed by replacing the final hyaline cartilage during growth.

when growing, it is made of hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

What is the epiphyses?:

A

The end of long bones. It contains red marrow , this is the production site for red and white blood cells

spongy bone

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11
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of the long bone and containds the meduallry cavity

compact bone

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12
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Site of bone marrow

contains red marrow when young

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13
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Double layer of DENSE IRREG CT covering the entire bone except for joints

like periochondrium of cartilage
also has osteoprogenitor cells
tendons attach here

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14
Q

For the diaphysis, ____bone surrounds it and we see ____ bone in the interior/

A

compact, spongy

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15
Q

Is bone vascularized?

A

Yes, highly vascularized. Bone is able to repair due to blood supply

When cartilage (vascular) becomes vascularized it begins to calcify (cartilage dies & bone replaces it)

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16
Q

The layers of the diaphysis of compact bone from outside to inside

finish this fc, confused slode 30 and 31

A
  1. Periosteum
  2. Outer circumferential lamellae
  3. Haversian (central) canals
  4. Inner circumferential lamellae
  5. Endosteum (lines bone marrow cavity)
  6. Bone marrow with either red or yellow

mesenchyme> osteoprog>osteoblasts>osteocytes

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17
Q

What is contained within periosteum?

A

Outer: dense irreg CT
Inner: periosteal osteoprogenitor cells that can develop into osteoblasts

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18
Q

What is the Haversian (osteon) system?

A

The basic unit of compact bone, has cyclinder running parallel to the long axis of the bone.
Lamella, Haversion (central) canal, and Volkmann’s (perforating) canals

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19
Q

What is lamella?

A

Concentric rings of the bony matrix forming the tubes.

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20
Q

What is the Haversian (central) canal?

A

Canal running through the middle of the Haversian system. Containing blood vessels and nerve fibers

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21
Q

What is the volkmanns’ (perforating) canals?

A

Run perpendicular to the long axis and provide channels for blood vessels and nerve fibers to connect adjacent Haversian systems.

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22
Q

bone maturation

As bone remodels what happens?

A

Haversian system may be reabsorbed and replaced by new system resulting in areas of partial lamellae ( not a full osteon, so looks like a 1/2 circle)

bone gets broken down, body gets Ca2+ from storage; bone gets rebuilt

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23
Q

What makes up the bulk of the mature bone?

A

Osteons. This consists of concentric rings of lamellae around a central Haversian canal.

osteon=concentric lamellae + central haversian canal

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24
Q

What are the cells of the Haversian canal?

A
  1. Osteoprogenioter cells
  2. Osteoblasts (secrete bony matric and differentiate into osteocytes)
  3. If the bone is remodeling: osteoclasts (break down bone to reabsorb Ca2+ into body)

osteo blasts, clasts, and cyte

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25
Q

For the diaphysis, ____bone surrounds it and we see ____ bone in the interior/

A

compact, spongy

26
Q

Where do osteocytes (mature bone cells) site and how are they arranged?

A

Sit in lacunae and are arranged in the concnetric patterns resulting in the lamellar pattern( thin layers of compact bone)

osteocytes sit in lacinae (ECM) of lamellae (bone)

27
Q

Ostoecytes have processes what are contained within what? What is the importance of this strucure?

A

Canaliculi. This allows cells to communicate and nutrients can diffuse from cell to cell. The ends of the processes contain gap jxns (made of connexin proteins)

canaliculi are small tunners that connect lacunae

28
Q

Ostoecytes have processes what are contained within what? What is the importance of this strucure?

A

Canaliculi. This allows cells to communicate and nutrients can diffuse from cell to cell. The ends of the processes contain gap jxns (made of connexin proteins)

canaliculi are small tunners that connect lacunae

29
Q

What is lacuna(lacunae)

A

small cavities in the boney matrix

30
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Mature bone cell, support the matrix of the bone from insode

helps maintain matrix

31
Q

What is canalicili?

hy

A

Small tunnels connecting lacunae, allow osteoytes to share transport system.

32
Q

What are the precursor cells for osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts. As the bone grows, they divide and some differentiate into osteocytes while other others will divide to produce more osteoblasts

33
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Collagen 1 and proteoglycans for bone matrix

osteoblasts secrete matric whihc surrounds the cell turning it into osteocyte. Osteoblasts lay down new bone

34
Q

What are the cells surrounded by a lacunae in lamellae?

A

Osteocytes

35
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

Maintians bone matrix and does limited reabsorption to maintian blood calcium. They are not mitotically active

36
Q

What are the major reabsoptive cells in bone?

A

Osteoclasts.

37
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They are active in bone remodeling and the uptake of calcium to maintian calcium balance,

38
Q

Where do osteoclasts rest/sit in?

A

They sit in a depression called “Howships Lacunae” and they have a ruffled border. Lysosomes, hydrolytic enzymes and organic acids are released into lacuane to decalcify/break down.

39
Q

Which hormone incr blood Ca2+?

A

Parathyroid hormone bc is stiumuates osteoclasts.

it will breakdown bone and release ca2+

40
Q

What hormone decr blood Ca2+?

A

Calcitonon because it decr activitys of osteoclasts and incr fxn of osteoblasts to lay down new Ca2+

41
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from where?

A

monocytic cell line

42
Q

Where do osteoclasts and blasrs migrate during bone remodeling?

A

Clasts migrate along bone deteriorting pit into reasbsorption bays. Osteoblasts folow and lay new matrix

process is not uniform

43
Q

Bones under constant ____ remodel faster than those that are not

A

stress

44
Q

Summary of intramembranous bone formation

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. Blasts secrete bony matrix called osteoid. Bone expands by appositional growth (add new bone to surface). As bony spicules enlarge they become interconnected into a trabecular arrangement.

bone matrix=osteoid

45
Q

Endochondral bone formation

confusion slide 56/57

A
46
Q

Zone of reserve

A

no isog groups

47
Q

Zone of proliferation

A

isog groups formed

48
Q

Zone of hypertrophy

A

Chondrocytes grow in size

49
Q

Zone of ossification

A

acidophillic b/c new bone is formng.

staiened pink

50
Q

What is the internal bone and what is is componsed of?

A

Spongy bone composed of meshed network of trabeculae.

They line up along the lines of stress and helps provide strength.

51
Q

Does spongy bone have osteons?

A

NO, only compact does. Spongy has osetocytes connected with canaliculi and surrounded by lamellae

52
Q

Process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Perichodrium gets vascularized turning it into periosteum (bone)
  2. Mesenchymal cells surrounding cartilage then differentiates into osteoblasts to lay down new bone matrix
  3. Intramembranous bone formation (osteoblasts surround diaphysis with osteoid, when its calcifies it becomes a bony collar that surrounds hyaline)
  4. Chronrocyte hypertrophy: secrete alkaline phosphate which calcifies cartilage
  5. Chrondrocytes die and leave holes in cartilage
  6. Osteoclasrs break down the calcified cartilage
  7. More intra-membranous bone formation, leads to formation of trabeculae and meduallary cavity
53
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoblasts lay new bone and ocsteobclasts cut way bone in the cutting cone directions

54
Q

Step 1 of fracture healing

A

Hematoma formation: blood clot forms and cells deprived of nutrients begin to die

bring in the blood

55
Q

Step 2 of Fracture healing

A

Fibrocartilgenous callus forms
: Capillaries deliver fibroblasts to area which secrete collagen fibers to close wound and then secrete cartilage

56
Q

Step 3 of fracture healing

A

Boneu callus forms: osteoblasts create new trabeculae that replaces cartilagenous matrix

57
Q

Step 4 of fracture healing

A

osteoblasrs and osteoclasts appear and repair bone by adding compact bone. It looks like the orginial bc is undergoes the same streses.

58
Q

What are the CT layes surrounding bone and cartilage called?

A

Bone: periosteum
Cartilage: perichondrium

59
Q

What are the 4 cells involved in bone formation?

A
  1. Osteblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
  4. Osteoprogenitor cells

also see fibroblasrs laying collagen fibers

60
Q

What type(s) of collagen arfe msot abundant in the matrix of bone and cartilage?

A

Bone: collag type 1
Cartilage:
-hyaline type 2
-elastic type 2
-fibrocart type 1

61
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoclast activity?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

calcitonin comes from thyroid

Histology (39 decks)

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