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Histology > Exam2Lec6Blood > Flashcards

Exam2Lec6Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different specialized CT

A

Cartilage, Bone, Adipose tissue, Blood, Hematopoietic tissue, Lymphatic tissue

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2
Q

Blood is…

A

is a fluid specialized connective tissue which consists of cells and an extracellular components.

It circulates through cardiovascular system (total volume in the adult 6 L).
Some blood cells leave the circulation and migrate to the connective tissue proper.

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3
Q

What is the permanent resident(s) of CT proper, specialized CT, Embryonic CT and wandering/transient cells that migrate from the blood?

A
  • CT Proper: Fibroblasts
  • Specialized CT: Macrophages, Adipose cells, and Mast cells
  • Embryonic CT: Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  • Wandering/Transient Cells that migrated from the Blood Specialized CT: Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes
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4
Q

Macrophaged originated from where and as what?

A
  • Macrophages originated from the blood as monocytes which migrated to tissues.
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5
Q
  • Mast cells are functionally related to what?
  • Both of them are derived from what?
A
  • related to Basophils
  • both are derived from the same blood hematopoietic stem cell precursor.
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6
Q

What does the blood consist of?

A
  • Cells and their derivaties
  • Cells
  • Plasma
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7
Q

What are the cells and blood’s derivatives?

A
  • Cells=RBC (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes)+ platelets (thrombocytes)
  • Plasma= albumin (protein)+immunogoblins (antibodies)+fibrinogen (clotting factor
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8
Q
  • What is the relative volume of rbc and plasma when centrifuged?
  • What only consitiutes only 1% of blood vol?
A
  • The relative volume of red blood cells is ~40% and plasma ~55%.
  • The buffy coat: leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets constitute only 1% of blood volume.
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9
Q

What is plasma mainly made up of?

A
  • mainly water
  • protein (albumin- maintains osmotic pressure, immunoglobulins-antibodies, fibrinogen-participate in blood coagulation)
  • other solutes: electrolytes, nutrients (amino acids, glucose), hormones, vitamins, lipids.
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10
Q

RBC, are there more in males or females?

A

males

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11
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood

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12
Q
  • is hematocrit higher or lower for males and females?
  • What happens if it is lower than normal
A
  • Males have more
  • In Anemia there is reduced volume of packed erythrocytes
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13
Q

Explain the blood after it has been centrifuged

A
  • Plasma: proteins+clotting factors->~50% of sample
  • Buffy coat: WBCs+platelets_> ~1% of sample
  • RBCs: erythrocytes->~40%
  • Blood was collected in presence of anticoagulants such as sodium citrate or heparin.
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14
Q

How do we get blood clot and serum instead of the normal plasma/buffy coat/RBC

A

Blood removed from the circulatory system without addition of anticoagulants, such as sodium citrate or heparin, and left to coagulate, will separate into blood clot and serum.

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15
Q

What does a blood clot contain?

A

A blood clot contains formed elements such as fibrin network (an insoluble protein) with trapped cells.

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16
Q

What is serum?

A

is plasma that lacks coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen (a soluble protein).

Different from plasma

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17
Q

What happens when blood is removed without anticoagulants?

A
  • Serum = plasma that does NOT have fibrinogen (clotting factor)
  • Blood clot = fibrinogen (clotting factor) + blood cells
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18
Q

Plasma contains what? what does serum contain?

A
  • Plasma: albumin, fibrinogen
  • serum: lacks fibroinogen
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19
Q

RBC
Nuceli:
Shape:
Stain:
Circulation:
Fxn:

A

Nuceli: anucleate (no nucleus)
Shape: biconvae disc
Stain: pink (eosin dt to high conc. of hemoglobin
Circulation= 120 days ⭐️
Fxn= transport O2 +Co2

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20
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

similar to blood plasma in: content of ions and diffusible substances; low weight plasma protein (a small precentage of which passes thru capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure of arteriolar blood.

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21
Q

What plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure? What does it cause? ⭐️

A

albumin: exerts concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluids.

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22
Q

Albumin maintains pressure on the blood vessel wall “_ _ _” which assures the correct proportion of blood to tissue fluid volume.

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

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23
Q

If the balance is lost and albumin leaks out of the BV into the loose CT, then what happens?

A

then the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood decreases and causes fluid to leak out into tissues which then accumulates
* It is often manifested by swelling of the ankles.

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24
Q

What happens when there are high levels of albumin?

A

increase osomtic pressure-> pulls fluid into the vessel

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25
Q

What does basic dyes stain and acidic dyes stain in blood

A
  • Basic dyes stain: nuclei, granules of basophils, and cytoplasmic RNA;
  • Acidic dyes stain: erythrocytes and granules of eosinophils
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26
Q

What are the cellular elements of the blood (7 things)

A
  • neutrophil
  • lymphocyte
  • eosinophil
  • Monocyte
  • Basophil
  • Platelets
  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
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27
Q

How can erythocyes pass through small BV?

A

Erythrocytes are very elastic and deformable and they can easily pass through the smallest blood vessels and narrowest capillaries.

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28
Q

What does erythrocytes contain?

A

Contain hemoglobin, a protein which binds oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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29
Q
  • The disk shape of erythocytes faciliate what?
  • What does it allow?
A
  • The disk shape (better then any other cell shape e.g. spherical) - facilitates the gas exchange.
  • It allows more hemoglobin molecules to be close to the plasma membrane.
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30
Q

Which one is oxygenated and which one is deoxygented blood?

A
  • bright red oxygenated blood (left)
  • Dark red deoxygenated blood (right)
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31
Q
  • Hemoglobin constists of what?
  • Each one of these is complexed to what?
A
  • Consists of four polypeptide chains of globin (a, B, delta and gamma)
  • Each one is complexed to an iron-contraining heme group (each heme group can reversitble bind one oxygen molcule)
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32
Q

What are the types of hemoglobin?

A
  • HbA (2 a’s and 2 B chains) most prevalent in adults (96%)
  • HbA2 (2 a and 2 delta chains)- 1.5-3% of hemaoglobin in adults
  • HbF (2 a and 2 gamma chains)- main type in fetus
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33
Q

Mutations in the genes encoding globin chains can cause what?

A

disorders in hemoglobin production

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34
Q

What is sickle cell disease caused by?

A

single point mutation in the gene that encodes beta-globin chains of hemoglobin A (HbA) and that hemoglobin is designed sickle hemoglobin (Hbs)

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35
Q

Many of the erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at _ oxygen tension and they are more _ then normal cells.

A

Many of the erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at low oxygen tension and they are more rigid then normal cells.

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36
Q

What happens with sickle cells and endothelial surface? what does it cause?

A
  • They adhere more readily to endothelial surface, pile up in the capillaries and deprive parts of tissues of oxygen and nutrients.
  • the obstruction of a large vessel may lead to stroke.
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37
Q

What is spectrin

A

actin cross linking protein: cross link actin filaments with each other and also other actin- cross linking proteins in erythrocytes

38
Q

Explain how the erythrocytes membrane is organized

A
  • Peripheral membrane proteins: organized into hexagonal lattice network composed of cytoskeletal proteins, e.g. spectrin
  • Integral membrane proteins (Glycophorin and Band3) have attached antigens: A, B, or 0 (glycoproteins and glycolipids); they determine blood groups
39
Q

What is jaundice?

A

excessive breakdown of red blood cells, excess of the pigment bilirubin, yellowing of the skin or the sclera

40
Q

What is jaundice in hemolytic anemias (two examples) and their shapes

A
  • Example1: hereditary spherocytosis(spherical shape) via mutation of proteins in ankyrin complex
  • Example 2: hereditary elliptocytosis (elliptical shape) via mutation of spectrin molecules
41
Q
  • What are the 5 types of human leukocytes and What granules have?
A

Granulocytes: have granules that stain specifically with certain dyes.
* neutrophils (60%), eosinophils (2-5%), basophils (0.5%)
* have 1* (azurophilic) grandules and 2* (specific) granules

Agranulocytes:
* lymphocytes-B and T cells (30%) and monocytes (3-8%)
* Have only 1* (azurophilic) granules

42
Q

What granules does neutrophils contain?

A
  • azurophilic granules (primary granules).
  • lysozymes for inflammation (secondary granules)
  • 3* granules= metalloproeinases (MMPs)
43
Q

How does neutophils leave the blood?

Neutrophil migration

A

crawling between endothelial cells into the connective tissue toward the site of injury and perish in 1-2 days.

44
Q

What is our first line of defense against bacterial infection (Innate Immunity) ⭐️

A

neutrophils

produced in bone marrow

45
Q

Neutrophile contain many or one nucleus?

A

Neutrophils contain multilobe nucleus and are often called polymorphonuclear cells

46
Q

How is chromatin arranged in neutrophils?

A

The chromatin has a characteristic arrangement with heterochromatin being at the periphery of the nucleus and euchromatin in the center of the nucleus.

47
Q

What is the drumstick appendage on a neutrophil?

A

In neutrophils the Barr body forms a “drumstick appendage” on one of the nuclear lobes. This represents the second X chromosome of the female.

48
Q

Repressed X chromosome=

neutrophil

A

barr body

49
Q

Circulating neutrophils interact with endothelium to attach through what?

A

adhesion molecules (integrin and s-Le carbohydrate on neutrophils)

50
Q

Intergrin are activated by what? where do they bind?

neutrophils

A

Integrins activated by chemokines from endothelial cells bind to ICAM-1

51
Q

Neutrophils extend _ and migrate through previously opened junction by _ and _ released from the mast cells.

Neutrophil migration

A
  • Neutrophils extend pseudopods and migrate through previously opened junction by histamine and heparin released from the mast cells.

phagocytizes abcteria via degranulation

52
Q

Once at the site of injury, neutrophil must do what?

Neutrophil migration

A

recognize foreign substance, e.g., bacteria, and phagocytes it.

53
Q

What is released to digest foreign material

Neutrophil migration

A

Specific and azurophilic granules release enzymes, and digest foreign material

54
Q

Most neutrophils die and together with dead bacteria accumulate as _.

Neutrophil migration

A

pus

55
Q
  • Specific granules (secondary) are what?
  • What do they medinate
  • what do they contain?
A
  • Specific granules (secondary) are the smallest, numerous, and not very well visible.
  • inflammatory response.
  • contain bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents such as lysozyme.
56
Q

What aids in neutrophil crawling which is special to them

A

3*: Metaloproteinases (MMPs)

57
Q

What granules does basophils contain?

A

specific granules containing histamine + vasoactive reagents to dilation of small blood vessels), slow reacting substances (SRS), eosinophil chemotactic factor, and heparin (anti-coagulant).

58
Q

What happens when antigens bind to IgE on the surface of basophil?
What is the consquence?

A

Ags bind IgE on basophil surface
* degranulation of 2 (specific) granules with vasoactive agents
* Consequence: vascular disturbances, hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis.

59
Q

What are the lysosomes of basophils

A

Azurophilic grandules

60
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

granules with vasoactive (histamine, heparin etc) and immunoreactive substances

Just like basophils but just in CT

61
Q

What is the difference from mast cells and basophiles?

A

They do the same exact thing but basophil are in blood and mast cells are in CT

62
Q
  • Where do mast cells arise from?
  • What do they mediate?
  • What happens at localized and site specific spots?
  • What may it cause?
A
  • arise from bone marrow stem cells (b cells lymphocytes)
  • mediate inflammatory response
  • degranulation of mast cells – localized and site specific
  • may cause systemic hypersensitivity reaction, allergy and anaphylaxis
63
Q

What is the mast cell staining?
Where are mast cells found?

A
  • toluidine stain
  • Found in CT near blood vessels
64
Q

Explain what happens in allergic reaction

A
65
Q

What granules does eosinophils contain?

A

1* (azurophilic granules)= lysomoes

Specific granules: dense crystalloid body contain:
* major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase ⭐️, neurotoxin and eosinophil cationic protein
* all of them are directed against helminth parasites
* histaminase which degrade substances released by mast cells and basophils

66
Q

What is the purpose of azurophilic granules in eosinophils?

A

are lysosomes (lysosomal acid hydrolases involved in destruction of parasites and hydrolysis of Antibody-Antigen complexes)

67
Q

Eosinophils are attracted to specific locations by what?

A

chemotactic factors released from the complement system, basophils, mast cells, and parasites.

68
Q

Eosinophils are unusually elevated in blood or intestinal loose connective tissue and other sites when associated with what?

A
  • allergic reaction,
  • chronic inflammation
  • helminthic parasitic infections
69
Q

What is this

A

Eosinophil

70
Q

What is this

A

Basophil

71
Q

monocyte:
* Nuclei =
* Shape =
* Stain =
* Circulation =
* Fxn =

A
  • Nuclei = mono-lobed; “C”-shaped or bean shaped nucleus
  • Shape = largest circular cell in a blood smear
  • Stain = light d/t lack granules
  • Circulation = 1-3 days (longer than neutrophils
  • Fxn = innate immune response
72
Q

What is the relationship between monocytes and macrophanges ?

A

Mono leave the blood then turn into macrophages in the tissue to be an ag presenting cell and phagocytize bacteria (innate immune)

use the same movement system as neutrophils

73
Q

In CT, what are monocytes doing?

A

they synthesizing more cytoplasm increasing their capacity for phagocytosis;

74
Q

Macrophages as the _ can also ingest (phagocytose) microbes and destroy the ingested microbes in _ vesicles

A

Macrophages as the neutrophils can also ingest (phagocytose) microbes and destroy the ingested microbes in intracellular vesicles

75
Q

What can monocytes become in bone?

A

osteoclasts

76
Q

What does a macrophage look like under microscope?

A
  • difficult to identify: irregularly shaped cells
  • cytoplasm contains granules and/or vacuoles.
  • nucleus is irregular.
77
Q

lymphocytes:
* Nuclei =
* Shape =
* Stain =
* Circulation =
* Fxn=

A

immunocompetent cells
* Nuclei = large circular nucleus takes up entire cell
* Shape = small circular cell (slightly bigger than RBCs)
* Stain = large nucleus stains dark
* Circulation = N/A
* Fxn = cell-mediated + humoral immune responses
(T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells (NK))

78
Q

What are T cells and B cells involved in

lumphocytes

A
  • T cells- have long life span and they are involved in cell-mediated immunity
    * Th (helper)-> CD4 (MHC-2)
    * Tc (cytotoxic)-> CD8 (MHC-1)
  • B-cells have variable life span, when activated (Plasma cell) produce antibody.
79
Q

What can lymphocytes do?

A

Lymphocytes may re-circulate after leaving the bloodstream.

they can leave and come back

80
Q

What cells is for colonality and antigen presenting?

A

Colon: B cells
AP: T cells

81
Q
  • What are plasma cells producing?
  • Where are they derived from?
A

-Antibody producing
-B cell derived

82
Q

What do plasma cells look like under light microscope

A
  • basophilic cytoplasm (rER), except for a small pale area near the nucleus which represent the Golgi apparatus
  • The chromatin in the nucleus has “cart wheel” appearance
83
Q

What is the fxn of rER in plasma cells?

A

-rER (basophilia) capacity to produce & package and secrete immunoglobulins

84
Q

What are the 4 zones of platelets (thrombocytes)

A
  • Peripheral zone: cell membrane
  • Structural zone: cytoskeleton (actin, myosin, microtubules)
  • Organelle zone: mitochondria, peroxisomes, glycogen, and 3 types of granules
  • Membrane zone :2 types of membrane channels
85
Q

Where are platelets derived from?

A
  • Derived from large polyploid megakaryocytes in bone marrow
86
Q

What are the cytoplasmic granules of the oranelle zone

A

serotonin (vasoconstrictor), histamine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), fibrinogen, coagulation factors, plasminogen, platelet-derived growth factor (vessel repair, blood coagulation, and platelet aggregation).

87
Q

platelets (thrombocytes):
* Nuclei =
* Shape =
* Stain =
* Circulation =
* Fxn =

A
  • Nuclei = anucleate (i.e., no nucleus)
  • Shape = small circular discs (smaller than RBCs)
  • Stain = pink (light) d/t absence of nucleus
  • Circulation = 8-10 days
  • Fxn = blood clotting + tissue repair
88
Q

What promotes platelet adhesion?
What does this trigger?

A
  • Injured blood vessel and exposed connective tissue at the damaged site
  • Adhesion of platelets to the damaged site triggers their degranulation and release of serotonin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thromboxaneA2.
89
Q

What are the events leading to the restoration of hte normal blood flow

A
  • 1st , Serotonin – a vasoconstrictor, causes the vascular smooth muscle to contract reducing blood flow at the injury site
  • 2nd, ADP and thromboxaneA2 cause platelet aggregation forming primary hemostatic plug
  • 3rd, Soluble fibrinogen is converted to fibrin which forms loose mesh over the initial plug and secondary hemostatic plug is formed. The blood flow returns to normal.
90
Q

Red blood cells are entrapped in a loose mesh of fibrin fibers to form what?

A

an impermeable chemostatic plug

Histology (39 decks)

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