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Histology > Exam1Lec4NerveTissue > Flashcards

Exam1Lec4NerveTissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

include brain, spinal cord and neural portions of the eye

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2
Q

What does the PNS consists

A

Peripheral nerves, nerve endings and peripheral nerve ganglia

everything else

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3
Q

The CNS and PNS have what two basic cell types?

A

Neurons and glia/supporting cells

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4
Q

What are the neuroglia in PNS

A

Schwann
Satellite

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5
Q

What is the neuroglia in CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • Oligodentrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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6
Q

What neuroglia is used for nourish and protect neurons?

A

Astrocytes

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7
Q

What cell is used for myelination?

A

oligodenrocytes-CNS
schwann-PNS

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8
Q

What cell is used for myelination?

A

oligodenrocytes-CNS
schwann-PNS

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9
Q

What cell is used for myelination?

A

oligodenrocytes-CNS
schwann-PNS

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10
Q

What cell is immune cells (macrophages)

A

mircoglia

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11
Q

What cell is epithelial-like cell?

A

ependymal cells

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12
Q

Where are nissel bodies?

A

part of soma

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13
Q

order of signaling

A

dendrite->soma-> axon

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14
Q

What are nissel bodies look like and what are they stained with?

A
  • Ribosomes, rough ER
  • They stain blue with hematoxylin (basophilic)
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15
Q

What is lipofuscin pigment?

A

age pigment: lysosomes with degradation products (residual body)

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16
Q

label

A

1: Nucleolus
2. Nucleus
3. Nissel bodies

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17
Q

Explain what the differenet types of neurons look like and where they are found

A
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18
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

shape (# of things coming off soma)

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19
Q

For multipolar neurons, what are they called in cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex?

A

Cerebral cortex: pyramidal cells
Cerebellar cortex: purkinje cells

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20
Q

What type of cells do we find in the spinal cord?

A

pseudo unipolar neuron

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21
Q

label

A

1: granule cells
2: pyramidal cells

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22
Q

Where are pyramidal cell located in matter?

A

gray matter

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23
Q

What is located in white matter?

A

axons

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24
Q

Where are purkinje cells located in matter?

A

gray matter

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25
Q

What are the layers of the cerbellar cortex ?

A
  • molecular cell layer
  • purkinje cell layer
  • granule cell layer
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26
Q

label the layer of cerebellar cortex

A
  1. molecular
  2. purkinje
  3. granular
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27
Q

point out the layers of the cerebellar cortex

A
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28
Q

What is in dorsal horn

A

interneurons

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29
Q

What is in ventral horn

A

motor neurons

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30
Q

In alzheimer disease what is disregulated

A

Tau protein- stablize microtubles
* In AD, they bind and tangle with themselves so the microtubule breaks down

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31
Q

What are the different types of Astrocytes and where are they located

A
  • Protoplasmic: gray matter
  • Fibrous: white matter
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32
Q

Where are oligodenrocytes located

A

white matter

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33
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • nourishment, maintenance and protection
  • contribution to barrier that protect neurons: BBB
  • neurotransmitters
  • reservior of glycogen
  • serve as index of CNS toxicity
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34
Q

What is a marker of astrocyte activation

A

GFAP

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35
Q

Clial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) what type of intermediate filament

A

type 3

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36
Q

What happens when we have an issue with GFAP

A

Tumors of some glial cells but since GFAB is only for astrocytes we can assume

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37
Q

What are microglia

A
  • phagocytic cells, the resident macrophages of the CNS.
  • Part of the mononuclear phagocytic system
38
Q

Where is microglia originated from

A

Originated from bone marrow monocyte precursor cells.

39
Q

What is the fxn of microglia

A

The primary responders to injury of the brain, e.g., multiple sclerosis and trauma.

40
Q

What is the markers of microglia?

A

Their markers include complement receptor 3 and major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II)

41
Q

What does microglial cells interact with?

A

astrocytes

42
Q

Oligodendrocytes or schwann cells wrap around one or more axons

A

Oligo: around several axons of CNA neurons
Schwann cells: one axon

43
Q

What is the imp of myelin sheath

A

insulate the axon and enhance the speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses

44
Q
  • Oligodendrocytes in culture develop from an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell by extending processes and forming sheet-like myelin protein-containing protrusions.
  • In the presence of neurites, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells extend their processes, and upon contact with a neurite, initiate a wrapping process, subsequently form the compact myelin sheath.
A
45
Q

What is the difference in schwann cell and oligodenrocytes

A
  • PNS has overlapping schwann cells
  • CNS has astrocyte end foot conacting axon
46
Q

Where are unmylinated axons located and how does this play with schwann cells

A

PNS
one schwann cell can enclose many ummyelinated axons but one schwann cell can only enclose one myslinated axon

47
Q

During development, embryonic axons are surrounded by what?

A

schwann cells

48
Q

What is happening in multiple scelerosis?

A

Macrophages and microglia directly attack myelin (contains myelin basic protein –MBP) stripping fragments of myelin from the sheath encasing nerve axons leaving “naked” demyelinated axons

49
Q

What is MS

A

MS is a autoimmune inflammatory disorder associated with localized areas of demyelination in white matter (where axons are in the brain and spinal cord) of the CNS

50
Q

What is the most common form of gullain-barre syndrome

A

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) of PNS

51
Q

What is the cause of gullain-barre syndrome

A

It is caused by an autoimmune response (bacterial infxn causes molecular mimicry) directed against Schwann cell membranes.

52
Q

GBS=
MS=

A

GBS= PNS (swhann cells)
MS= CNS (microglia)

53
Q

What is the type of epithelium that lines the vasculature

A

endothelial cells (brain capillary

54
Q

What is the BBB formed by

A

BBB is formed by endothelial cells
with tight junctions and glial feet processes of astrocytes

55
Q

Astrocytes induce capillaries to form what?

A

zonula occludens (tight junctions)

56
Q

What does the tight junction from astrocytes do?

A

limiting diffusion of small molecules

57
Q

What is the BBB responsible for?

A

seprarting circulating blood from gluid in the brain where neurons are

58
Q

Where are Epithelial-like cells of ependyma located

A

lining of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled ventricles.

59
Q

Ependymal does not have what compared to epithelium

A

No external lamina

60
Q

What is on ependymal cells?

A

Cilia and microvilli on the apical surface of the cell.

61
Q

What are ependymal cells involved in?

A

Involved in absorbing CSF.

62
Q

Ependymal cells may be modified within the ventricles to produced CSF. What would they be part of?

A

Choroid plexus

63
Q

What are the PNS nerve components

A

cranial, spinal, peripheral

64
Q

what is ganglia

A

collextion of nerve cell bodes

65
Q

What are specialized nerve endings

A

motor and sensory

66
Q

What are examples of sensory receptrors in the skin

A
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Meissner’s corpuscle
67
Q

What do merkel cells are what

A

Merkel’s cells are epidermal cells that function in cutaneous sensation

68
Q

Where are the locations of pacinian corpuscle and missner’s corpuscle

A

meissner-> closer to epidermis
PAcinian-> deep in the dermis

69
Q

what is this

A

pacinian corpuscles

70
Q

Where a pacinian corpuscle present and what are they sensitive to

A

present in the skin and in the connective tissue (CT) of organs deep in the body sensitive to movements (pressure and vibration).

71
Q

what is this

A

meissner’s corpuscles

72
Q

What is the fxn of meissner’s corpuscles

A

edge detection because closer to surface

73
Q

In peripheral nerves have connective tissue around what?

A
  • Nerve (N.): epineurium (CT)
  • N. Fasicle: perineurium (specialized CT),
  • N. fiber: endoneurium (loose CT).
  • N. Fasicle contains myelinated and unmyelinated N. fibers.
  • Blood–nerve barrier (metabolically active diffusion barrier) is formed by Perineurium, a specialized CT with tight junctions. Endoneurium: endothelium of blood capillaries have tight junctions
    *
74
Q

N.fasicle contains what

A

myelinated and unmyelinated N.fibers

75
Q

What is the the Blood-nerve barrier formed by?

A

PERINEURIUM, a specialized CT with tight junctions

76
Q

What is endoneurium

A

endothelium of blood capillaries have tight junctions

77
Q

Label the PNS cross section

A
  1. axon
  2. myelin
  3. schwann cell nucelus
78
Q

point out the layers of peripheral nerve

A
79
Q

Each axon surrounded by myelin represents what? and what is that surrounded by?

A

a single nerve fiber and is surrounded by endoneurium

80
Q

label

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. nerve fiber
  3. and 4. node of ranvier

The lines are axons

81
Q

The cell bodies (soma) of neurons in PNS are arranded in structures called what?

A

Ganglia

like how CNS is putjkin and pyrmidal cells

82
Q

The cell bodies (PNS) have specialized glial cells called what? Where are they located

A

Satellite cells and surround the outer neuron soma surface

83
Q

What type of neurons is indorsal root ganglion

A

sensory pseydo-unipolar neurons

84
Q

what are the litte dots

A

satellite cells

85
Q

Satelliate cells serve as what?

A
  • supportive cells establishing a controlled microenvironment around the neuronal body in the ganglion
  • Provide electrical insulation and pathway for metabolic exchanges.
  • Their role is analogous to Schwann cells except NO Myelin production
    *
86
Q

How does peripheral nerve injury work (overview)

A
87
Q

more specific ???

  • After break in neuron which end degenerates? (name what direction)
  • What cell is used to fix the broken nerve? What happens if you do not have this cell?
  • What happens when the nerve is not successfully regenerated?
A
  • Distal end and in an anterograde fashion
  • Schwann cells and if there is no Sch cells then there will be no regeneration
  • The axon did not penetrate the cord because there might be too many schwann cells so no regeneration
88
Q

Can PNS and CNS regenerate nerves

A

NOOOO, only PNS can

89
Q

CNS cannot regenerate nerves. Why?

A

because of nogo proteins since they are negative regulator of neuronal growth in CNA

90
Q

What does PNS lack to have nerve regeneration

A

does not have Nogo protein

91
Q

What can enhance elongation after spinal cord crush injuries?

A

Nogo antibodies, gene knockouts or decoys

Histology (39 decks)

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