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Histology > Exam3Lec1Digestive1 > Flashcards

Exam3Lec1Digestive1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the upper GI?

A
  • Oral cavity: lip, tongue, salivary glands, teeth
  • Esophagus
  • Esophago-gastric jxn
  • Stomach
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2
Q

The oral cavity has what type of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous

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3
Q

What type of epithelium does the rough and smooth surfaces of the oral cavity have + what structures

A

rough surface: keratinized strat sq
* gingiva + hard palate + dorsal tongue

smooth surface: non-keratinized strat sq
* inner surface (mucosal) of lips/cheeks + floor of mouth + ventral tongue

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4
Q

What are the three functional compartments of GI tract?

A
  • Oral cavity: ingestion and fragmentation of food
  • Simple passages: transport of food or its residues without significant modification (esophagus and anus)
  • Digestive tract: Secretes enzymes induced in breakdown of food: absorbs molecules produced (stomach, small and large bowel)
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5
Q

What are mucosal elevations of anterior, dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

papillae

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae and describe each one

A
  1. Filiform: feather-like shape, long thread like shape
  2. Fungiform: mushroom-like shape
  3. Circumvallate: dome-like shape
  4. Foliate: small lateral folds -> groups of peaks

Tongue has rough surface w/lots of bumps called papillae

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7
Q

Which type of papillae does NOT contain taste buds? What is its role?

A

Filiform-> role to increase friction between tongue and food
* Fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, oral mucosa and pharyngeal mucosa has tastebuds!

filiform papillae are the most abundant

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8
Q

Cicumvallate papillae are located where? What are they associated with?

A
  • Located in front if the v-shaped sulcus terminalis
  • Associated with Ebner’s glands
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9
Q

Explain the process of food components + taste buds

A
  1. food components dissolved in saliva penetrate through the taste pore
  2. Interact with tast receptors causing electrical changes in the taste cells sending impulses to the brain
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10
Q

TONGUE

  • What are the principal cell types?
  • What are the five stimuli?
A
  • Cell: neuroepithelial cells, supporting cells, basal cells
  • Stimuli: sweet, salty, bitter, acid, umami
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11
Q

Inn of Epiglottis, cicumvallate papillae and fungiform papillae via what?

A
  • Epi: CN X
  • Cicumvallate: CN IX
  • Fung: VII
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12
Q

Taste info reaches the cerbral cortex primarily through what? Some through what?

A
  • Primarily thought the facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves
  • Some through vagus nerve (X)
  • Sensory neruons synapse in the medulla located in the solitary nucleus
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13
Q

What is the waldeyer’s ring? fxn?

A
  • The Waldeyer’s ring is made up of the tonsils (tubal, palatine, lingual) , adenoids, and other lymphoid tissue.
  • It contains lymphocytes (a type of immune cell) that help the body fight infection and disease.
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14
Q

Taste buds
a. Fxn
b. Lxn
c. Stimuli

A

a. Fxn: perceive taste + send signals to brain via CN 7 + 9 + 10
b. Lxn: tongue papillae + oral/pharyngeal mucosa
c. Stimuli: sweet, salty, bitter (sour), umami (earthy)

Each taste bud can detect each stimuli

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15
Q

What are the contents and fxn of the oral mucosa?

A
  • Contents: epithelium (stratified squamous) + neutrophils + saliva-> barrier
  • Fxn: protective barrier and immune fxn
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16
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of the oral mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium secretes beta-defensins
  2. Neutrophils secretes alpha-defensins
  3. Saliva secretes antimicrobial peptides
  4. Plasma cells = immunoglobulin A secretion into saliva
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17
Q

What is contained within the outer layer and inner layer of the teeth?

A

Outer layer = enamel -> contains ameloblasts

Inner layer = dentin -> contains odontoblasts

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18
Q

Ameloblasts are only present when?

A

Developing baby teeth

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19
Q

What is the order of teeth?

A

ameloblasts ->enamel ->dentin -> odontoblasts

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20
Q

What type of glands are formed when epithelial cells maintain contact with the surface of CT? Without contact?

A
  • With contact: exocrine glands
  • Without: endocrine glands

Epitheliral cells proliferate and penetrate CT-> may or may not maintain contact with the surface

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21
Q

What are the exocrine glands in the mouth?

A

salivary glands

These glands use many ducts to secrete fluid material

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22
Q

Mucous gland vs Serous gland

A
  • Mucous gland = secretes viscous, slimy, glycosylated proteins + water-soluble ->stains light
  • Serous gland = secretes watery, non-glycosylated proteins, runny + water insoluble , secretory granules preserved, basophilic rER-> stains dark
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23
Q

What molecules make up saliva? hy

A

Saliva = alpha amylase, lysozyme, IgA, water, bicarb (HCO3-)

“Salivating Amy Likes Intense Weed Brownies”

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24
Q

What are the major salivary glands of the oral cavity?

A

Major Glands: Parotid + Submandibular + Sublingual

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25
Q

What are the minor salivary glands?

A
  • lingual, palantine, etc located in the submucosa of oral cavity
  • Have short ducts whihc empty directly to the oral cavity
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26
Q

What are the 3 ducts of the major salivary glands? Where are they located?

A
  • Intercalated duct = in serous and mixed glands
  • Striated duct = in serous glands
  • Excretory duct = interlobular and interlobar
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27
Q

What is the organization of glands and note what type of epithelium it has and/or what is secretes

A
  1. Acinus = secretes initial saliva product
  2. Intercalated duct = simple squam., secrete HCO3- & absorb Cl-
  3. Striated duct = simple cuboid., secrete K+ + HCO3- & absorb Na+
  4. Intralobular duct = simple column., striations inbasement mem.
  5. Interlobular duct = pseudostratified column.
  6. Main duct = secretes final saliva product directly into the mouth

NOTE: the intralobular duct is made up of the intercalated + striated ducts

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28
Q

What is the function of intercalated duct?

A
  • secrete bicarbonate ion (HCO3-),
  • absorb chloride ion (CL-) from the acinar product)
29
Q

What is the function of striated duct?

A
  • secrete potassium (K+) and HCO3- to the secretion
  • reabsorb sodium ion (Na+) from the primary secretion
30
Q

For each glands below, name what type of gland it is and how it stains
A. Parotid
B. Submandibular
C. Sublingual

A

A. Parotid: serous only -> stains super dark
B. Submandibular: mixed; serous > mucous ->stains mostly dark
C. Sublingual: mixed; serous < mucous -> stains slightly dark

31
Q

What is mumps?

A

Infection in the parotid glands
Transmitted through saliva
Sx = swelling of the gland leading to possible damage to CN 7 (affecting tongue innervation + taste)

32
Q

What is rabies?

A

An infection that affects the parotid gland

33
Q

What is benign salivary tumor?
Sx and Tx

A
  • Affects the parotid glands
  • Sx = muscle weakness/numbness d/t tumor disrupting CN 7
  • Tx = removal of the parotid gland
34
Q
  • What is Sjogren Syndrome?
  • What does it affect?
  • What are the symptoms?
A

Affects ALL salivary glands
* Autoimmune disease where CD4+ immune cells attack & destroy salivary gland tissue (exocrine glands)
* Sx = dry mouth, eyes + enlarged salivary glands with lymphocyte infiltrations

35
Q

How is the Digestive system organized and note which structures are located in each

A
  1. Oral Cavity = mouth + salivary glands
  2. Simple Passages = esophagus
  3. GI tract = stomach + small intestine + large intestine
36
Q

What are the layers of the digestive system? From internal to external

A
  1. Mucosa = epithelium ->lamina propria (loose CT) -> muscularis mucosa (2 layers of smooth muscle)
  2. Submucosa = loose CT
  3. Muscularis Externa = outer longitudinal + inner circular layer of smooth muscle
  4. Adventitia (= loose CT) or Serosa (=mesothelium + loose CT)
37
Q

What type of epithelium is the esophagus lined with?

A

Strat sq epithelium

38
Q

What are the contents of the esophagus?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis Mucosa
  3. Submucosa
  4. Muscularis Externa
  5. Adventitia or Serosa
39
Q

What is the mucusa of the esophagus?

A

few mucous glands (in lamina propria)

40
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus?

A
  • increases in thickness along esophagus
  • Sparse in upper esophagus ->complete layer in lower esophagus
  • Upper eso: few fascilcles, lower: thin layer
41
Q

What is the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

many mucous glands + b.v. + fibers (collagen+elastic)

blood vessels, collagen, elastic fibers

42
Q

Where is muscularis externa located in the esophagus (3)? What type of muscle composes each part?

A

outer longitudinal + inner circular layers

  • Upper esophagus = striated (skeletal) muscle
  • Middle esophagus = striated (skeletal) + smooth muscle
  • Lower esophagus = smooth muscle
43
Q

Where is the adventita and serosa located in the esophagus?

A
  • Adventitia = present in upper + middle esophagus
  • Serosa = present in lower esophagus
44
Q

What connects the esophagus to the stomach and how does the epithelium transition?

A
  • Esophago-gastric junction
  • Observe transition from stratified squamous -> to simple columnar epithelium
45
Q

Where is an important site of common diseases like ulceration, barrett’s esophagus and cancer?

A

espophago/gastric jxn

46
Q

What is the purpose of the Esophago-gastric junction?

A
  • to prevent stomach acid (reflux) from reaching the esophagus
  • B/c stomach acid would damage the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus
47
Q

What does the reflux of gastric acid secretions into the lower esphagus cause?

A
  • heartburn, inflammation and pain
  • Leads to changes of the statified squamos epithium to a gastric type epithelium (simple columnar epithelium)-> metaplasia
48
Q

What is barrett’s esophagus?

A

damage to the esophageal epithelium resulting in metaplasia

49
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus
A. Cause
B. Result
C. Complication
D. Risk factors

A

A. Cause: long lasting reflux of stomach acid (heartburn)
B. Result: metaplasia = stratified squamous epithelium gets replaced w/simple columnar epithelium (i.e., gastric epithelium)
C. Complication: prone to ulceration + inflammation + esophageal cancer
D. Risk factors: alcohol + smoking

50
Q

What type of epithelium is the stomach lined with?

A

Lined w/ simple columnar epithelium

Contains surface mucous cells (mucous cap) -> secrete mucous to protect the stomach lining from the stomach acid

51
Q

What is ruga?

A

is a longitudinal fold of gastric muscosa and submuscosa

52
Q

What is the organization of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia (entrance) = connects to esophagus
  2. Fundus = top portion
  3. Body = middle portion
  4. Pylorus (exit) = bottom -near small intestine
53
Q

What is gastric rugae and its fxn?

A
  • folds of the gastric mucosa + submucosa
  • allow for stomach to expand (i.e., increase surface area)
54
Q

What are gastric glands and where do they extend from?

A
  • exocrine glands in lamina propria (i.e., mucosa)
  • Extend from the gastric pit which are invaginations of the epithelium
55
Q

Name the 5 different cell populations of the gastric glands

A
  1. Mucous neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
  5. Stem cells
    “MPECS”
56
Q

Mucous Neck Cells
A. Produce?
B. Lxn?

A

A. Produce: soluble mucous that lubricates the gastric contents
B. Lxn: near the lumen

57
Q

Parietal cells
A. Produce?
B. Stain?

A

A. Produce: HCL + IF (intrinsic factor)
B. Stain:acidophilic

58
Q

What is HCL production activated by?

A

activated by gastrin, histamine H2 + ACh

59
Q

What is IF production necessary for?

A

IF production necessary for absorption of vitamin B12

60
Q

Chief Cells
A. Produce
B. Stain

A

A. Produce: Pepsinogen + Lipase stored in granules
B. Stain: basophillic

61
Q

Enteroendocrine cells
A. Produce
B. Release

A

A. Produce: gastrin, glucagon, serotonin, somatostatin
B. Release: hormones into the blood = endocrine fxn

62
Q

Stem (Basal cells)
A. Produce and regenerate?

A

A. Produce and Regenerate the gastric cell population

63
Q

What is H.Pylori and tx for it

A
  • Helicobacter pylori = bacteria that invades epithelium of gastric mucosa -> destroys muscoa, epithelial cells, lamina propria die and ulcers are formed. Can also perforate the stomach wall and the gastric contents can pour into the peritoneal cavity-> death
  • Tx: Anti-ulcer drugs: blockers of histamine H2 receptors (zantac) Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole) and use of antibiotics

W/o surface mucous cells, the gastric epithelium is vulnerable to damage from the stomach acid
Results in destruction of the gastric mucosa -> which can lead to ulcers, atrophic gastritis, and stomach cancer

64
Q

What is gastric ulcers and tx for it?

A
  • Damage to the gastric epithelium (i.e., mucosa) from gastric acid leads to ulceration (openings in the epithelium of stomach)
  • Tx: anti-ulcer drugs = histamine H2 receptor blocker (zantac) or proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole)

If the ulcer perforates the gastric wall -> gastric contents flood the abdominal cavity

65
Q

What is atrophic gastritis?

A

Autoimmune atrophic gastritis results in damage to the gastric glands in the mucosa -> specifically the parietal cells

66
Q

Gastrin hormone is secreted by what? location?

A

Secreted by G cells located in the gastric antrum

67
Q

Histamine is produced by what? location?

A

Produced by Enterochromaffin-like cells neuroendocrine cells in the mucosa of gastric glands

68
Q

B 12 deficity can lead to what?

A

CNS degeneration (demyelinization)

69
Q

Atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia with parietal cells present as what?

A

burning senation in soles of feet

Histology (39 decks)

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