Exam2Lec1CVSystem Flashcards
Layers of the heart wall from outside to inside
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What does the epicardium contain?
Coronary vessel, adipose nerves, and visceral pericardium
fat cells, bv, nerves
The bulk of the heart is made of what?
Myocardium
How can you characterize myocardium?
- Centrally nucleated nuclei (1-2 per cell)
- Cell jxns (intercalated disks)
- Irregular shpaed cells that branch
What does the myocardium contain?
cardiac muscle (myocytes)
What does the endocardium include?
Endothelium, Subendithelium, subendocardium (this contains purkenje fibers)
purkinje cells, fibers, smooth m
what are the conducting cells of the heart?
Purkenjie (modified myocytes)
What lines the inside of the heart?
Endothelium with simple sq epithelium
this is the same as saying endocardium
What lines the outside of the heart?
Mesothelium (simple sq epithelium)
this is the same as saying epicardium
What are major characteristics of the semilunar valve?
Dense irreg connective tissue with most of the valve which is covered by endothelium
How does arterial blood pass?
Into a capillary bed then into the venous system
Portal systems occur b/w 2 capillary beds. what 2 systems do we see?
Arterial system(in kidneys) has an arteriole b/w the 2 beds
Venous sytem (in liver) has a vein b/w the 2 beds
The largest arteries in the body such as the aorta and pulmonary trunk are characterized by what:?
Large amounts of elastic fibers in the tunica media
elastic arteries
What are the layers of bv from outer to inner. Be specific as to what they contain
Tunica Adventitia=elastic fibers
Tunica Media= elastic fibers + smooth m cells
Tunica intima=smooth muscle cells
What is the bv lined with and what do the cells secrete?
lined with Endothelium and cells secrete VWF, endothelin, collagen (2/4/5), glycoprotein
What are 2 charactersitcs of elastic arteries? What is an example?
- Thick tunica media
- Lots of elastic fibers-> stains dark purple
Ex: aorta + pulm trunk
What are two characteristics of muscular arteries?
- Thick tunica media
- lots of smooth muscle cells-> many nuclei
What are 3 characteristics of medium veins?
- Thin tunica media=elastic + reticular (type 3 collagen ) fibers, SMCs
- Adventitia blends in w/ surrounding CT
- Irregularly shaped
What are 2 charachteristics of Large veins-vena cava?
- Thin tunica media= elastic + reticular (type 3 collagen) fibers, SMCs
- May contains valves (unlike arteries)
reticular fibers only visible w/ silver stain
What are 2 characteritcs of arterieoles?
- Characterized by 1-2 layers of SMCs
- Meta arterioles control flow from arteriole into capillary
What is one key chracterization of capillaries?
1 layer of endothelium
What are the 3 types capillaries?
- Continuous
- Fenestrated
- Sinusoidal (discontinous)
Where are continous capillaries located and what do they contain?
In muscle + nerve tissue
Contains a fully intact membrane (it has NO holes in it), so no diffusion
Where are fenestrated capillaries located and what do they contain?
In digestive organs + pancreas
contains a perforated membrane (it has some holes in it), so some diffusion
Where are sinusoidal (discont/) capillaries located and what do they contain?
In liver + spleen + bone marrow
contain an incomplete membrane (it has large gaps in it) so diffusion on large products like RBCs.
What does the neurovascular bundle contain?
Nerve, artery, vein, lymp surrounded by fascial sheath (CT)
How can you identify nerves and arteries in a neurovascular bundle?
Nerve: no lumen, but many nerve facicles (bundle of fibers)
Artery: thick tunica media (mostly SMCs) + red colored lumen (d/t RBCs)
How can you identify vein and lymph in the neurovascular bundle?
Vein: thin tunica media + irregular shaped lumen
Lymph: contains only endothelium (simple sq)
dont have to identify lympoh in phto
What is myocardial infarct and what is it caused by?
low yield
heart attack caused by build up of cholesterol (arthero). The cholesterol damges endothelium and then formation of plaques blocks artery preventing flow. Loss of bf leads to muscle tissue dying and then neutrophils + macrophages come into the areas to clear out the dead (necrotic) cells. Fibroblasts use collagen to form scar tissue.
What is CHF?
low yield
inability to pump enough blood due to cardiac hypertrophy.
What is #1?
Epithelium
What is #2?
Subendothelium
What is #3?
Subendocardium
What is #4?
Myocytes
What is #5?
Intercalated discs
What is circled?
Purkenjie cells
What is #1?
Elastic artery
What is #2?
Semilunar valve leaflets
What is #1?
Tunica media
What is #2
Tunica intima
What is #3?
Endothelium
What is #1?
Adventitia
What is #2?
Media
What is #3?
Intima
What is #1?
Internal elastic lamina
What is #2?
Media
What is #3?
Lumen
What is #4?
External elastic lamina
What is #1?
Vein
What is #2?
Muscular artery
What is #3?
Adipose
What is #4?
Muscle
What is #5?
Nerve
What is #6?
Fascial sheath
What is #6?
Fascial sheath
What is #1?
Internal elastic lamina
What is #2?
Endothelium (intima)
What is #3?
Media = more cells than fibers (stained dark purple)
What is #4?
External elastic lamina
What is #5?
Adventitia
What do endothelial cells (simple squamous) secrete?
- Von Willebrand factor = bloot clot formation
- Vasoconstrcitors = endothelin = contracts vessels
- Collagen 2, 4, 5
- Fibronectin = glycoprotein
- Laminin = glycoprotein
What 3 systems are activated to maintain cardiac output?
1) Increase in catecholamines from SNS = results in peripheral vasoconstriction = increased venous return
2) Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone (RAAS) decreases kidney filtration & increases fluid retention = increases blood volume
3) Cardiac hypertrophy from increased sarcomeres in either parallel or series
What is does concentric hypertrophy cause?
increases wall thickness (parallel sarcomere replication)
What does eccentric hypertrophy cause?
increases wall length (series sarcomere replication)
