Exam3Lec6FemaleReproductive Flashcards
What makes up the female reproductive system?
- Ovary=> follicular development+oocyte (egg) production
- Uterine (fallopian) tube=> transportation of oocytes (eggs) from ovary to the uterus
- Uterus=> site of oocyte (egg) implantation
- Cervix
- Vafina
- Mammary gland=> milk production (only when nursing)
How does the oocyte travel throught the reproductive system?
Ovary-> abdominal cavity-> uterine (fallopian) tube= fimbria, ampulla, isthmus-> uterus
Is a mammary gland a reproductive organ?
No, it is a supporting organ-> modifed sweat gland
What is the ovary covered by?
Germinal epitheloum (peritoneum) which is simple cuboidal
Different than normal peritoneum= simple squamos
What is the organization of the ovary?
- Epithelium= simple cuboidal (geminal epithelium)
- Tunica albuginea= dense CT
- Cortex (stroma)= outer CT layer containing ovarian follicles and stromal cells
- Medulla= innermost layer with mostly vacular tissue (BVs)
While the germinal epithelium covers the ovary, what covers the testes?
Tunica vaginsis: part of the peritoneum then deep to that is the tunica albuginea
Where are the oocytes and germinal cells in testes come from?
Migrate in from yolk sac
How many follicles each month start the process of development?
30 but then one become hormone independent and ovulates
How does it the development of the ovary differ from the development of the testis ?
- Ovary: absence of TDF, testosterone, mullerian inhibiting factor, ant mullerian hormone
- Testis: Presence of both TDF, testosterone (from leydig cells which is only in males) and mullerian inhibiting factor, anti=mullerian homrone ( from sertoli cells which is only in males)
What is the same in the female and males?
tunica albuginea
What is the ovarian follicle
sac of fluid with developing oocyte that is surrounded by CT in the cortex
What is the fxn of the follicles?
What is it marked by?
Maturation+release of oocyte (egg)
* marked by follicular phase of menstrual cycle
What gets released into the abdominal cavity?
mature (2*) oocytes
The ovarian follicle goes through a series of developmental stages leading to ovulation. During this development the oocyte is _
arrested
What is the organization of follicles
- outer layer= stromal (CT) cells-> turn into theca cells
- Inner layer= follicular cells-> turn into grandulosa cells
- 1* occyte= immature gamate
How does the menstrual cycle corralate with follicles
- during follicular phase-> follicles secrete estrogen
- during luteal phase-> remnant follicles secrete progesterone
What are the different stages of the follicle?
- Primordial follicle
- 1* follicle
- 2* follicle
- Mature (graafian) follicle
Primordial follicle characteristics?
- Follicular cells (not granulsoum cells) = simple squamous cells surrounding the oocyte
- 1* oocyte arrested in prophase I [of meiosis]
1* follicle charateristics
- Stromal cells (cortex) forms theca externa+interna which secrete androstenedione
- Follicular cells -> now granulosa cells are simple cuboidal and secrete estrogen
- Zona Pellucida= amorphous substance secreted by 1* oocyte
- 1* is slighly bigger
In the 1* follicle, how are the granulosa cells and oocyte still connected
zona pellucida is penetrated by granulosa cells+oocytes processes that form gap jxns
2* follicle characteristics
- theca externa+interna
- Granulosa cells= stratified cubodial cells-> secrete liquor folliculi+ still estrogen
- Antrum= formed from the droplets of liquor folliculi
- Cumulus oorphus= “bridge” of granulosa cells
- Corona Radiata= granulosa cells surrounding ZP
- Zona pellucida= directly surrounding the 1* oocyte
- 1* oocyte slightly bigger
- Stromal cells develop into _
- Follicular cells develop into _
- theca externa and theca interna cells
- granulosa cells
Theca externa cells are what?
Theca internal cells do what?
- Theca externa cells are connective tissue in nature
- Theca interna cells produce androstenedione which is secreted to the granulosa cells where it is converted to estradiol (estrogen)
List the cells you see along with epithelium for each of the following follicles
- Primordial
- Primary
- Secondary
- Mature
- Primordial follicle: follicular cells= simple squamos
- Primary follicle:
stromal cells= theca E and I
granulosa cells= simple cuboidal - Secondary follicle: granulosa cells= stratified cuboidal cells
- Mature (graafian): granulosa cells= stratified cubiodal-> proliferation increase follicle size
_ is amorphous substance secreted between the granulosa cells and the oocyte.
Zona Pellucida
- During development the granulosa cells secrete _ _ into intercellular spaces.
- When these spaces become evident the follice is classified as a _ _ .
- This fluid contains several secretory products (_, _, _ etc.)
- Over time the spaces coelesce into a larger space called the _.
- During development the granulosa cells secrete liquor folliculi into intercellular spaces.
- When these spaces become evident the follice is classified as a secondary follicle.
- This fluid contains several secretory products (progesterone, estradiol, inhibin etc.)
- Over time the spaces coelesce into a larger space called the antrum.
The granulosa cells in the secondary follicles that surround the ZP are called what? What are they attached by?
corona radiata and attached to the other side by the cumulus oophorus
mature follicle characteristics
- theca externa+interna
- Granulsoa cells= stratified cuboidal-> proliferation increases follicle size
- Antrum= contains free floating 1* oocyte (bc no bridge)
- Cumulus oorphus-> breaks down just down just before ovulation
- Corona radiata
- Zona Pellucida
- 1* oocyte remains the same size-> detaches from follicle wall
What does the mature follicle contain? What will it undergo?
- Contain a well defined ampulla
- Will undergo oogenesis before ovulation
What breaks down to allow the oocyte to float free in antrum
cumulus oophorus
What happens at ovulation
the follicle swells through the tunica albuginea and germinal epithelium and bursts releasing the egg into the pelvic cavity
then picked up by fimbrae
When does oogensis occur?
just before ovulation
What is the maturation process of oogenesis
1* ococyte-> 2* oocyte
* Step 1= 1* oocyte (arrested in prophase I) undergoes 1st meiotic divison
* Step 2= 1* oocyte finishes meiosis I à results in 2* oocyte + polar body
* Step 3 = 2* oocyte is arrested in metaphase II
* Step 4 = 2* oocyte gets released from its follicle upon ovulatin
- the first meiotic divison is competed just prior to _
- the second meiotic division occurs only if _ occurs
- Ovulation
- Fertilization-> this typically occurs in the fallopian tube
Oogenesis is regulated by what hormones?
Hormones:
* Oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) from follicular cells -> arrests in 1* oocyte in prophase I
* Maturation promoting factor (MPF)-> completion of 1st meiotic division to produce 2* oocytes
What is the process of releasing 2* oocyte from mature ovarian follcle
- the 2* oocyte is released into the abdominal cavity-> finds its wat to oviduct (uterine tube) through fimbrae
- The process occurs each month after onset of puberty
What initiates ovulation ?
an increase in estrogen from the granulosa cells as the follicle develops which causing an LH surge
What happens to the follicle during ovulation
follicle swells through ovary
* moves from the cortex through the tunica aluginea+eplithelium of the ovary
* then, the follicle bursts open-> releases 2* oocte into abdominal cavity
Explain pre-ovulation
* Phase?
* Cells?
* Characterized by?
- Before ovulation = follicular phase of the menstrual cycle:
- Stromal cells-> now Theca interna cells secrete androstenedione
- Follicular cells-> now Granulosa cells convert androstenedione to estrogen
- Characterized by the development of ovarian follicles + oocytes
What is increase during the follicular phase?
estrogen because granulosa cells convert androsterndione to estrogen
What phase is post-ovulation?
luteal phase
What are the cells during in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle? What do they secrete?
- Stromal cells->Theca interna cells-> now Theca lutean cells secrete androstenedione + progesterone
- Follicular cells -> Granulosa cells -> now Granulosa lutean cells estrogen + progesterone
Post ovulation is characterized by what
Characterized by the degradation of ovarian follicles after release of 2* oocyte
What is the Corpora (Corpus) Lutean
The remnant follicle that remains after releasing its 2* oocyte
* Consists of the Theca lutean + Granulosa lutean cells
During pregnancy, the corpora lutean is maintained for how long?
3 months
If the egg is not fertilized, then the corpora (corpus) lutean turns into what?
the corpora albucans and involutes
corpus luteum
What is the oviduct?
uterine (fallopain) tube
What does the mucosa of the oviduct contain?
epithelium+lamina propria+muscularis mucosa
* folding lessens toward the uterus-> more cuboidal cells (from columar cells)
What is the epithelium of the oviduct and what cells are present ?
- Epithelium = simple columnar cells w/ cilia (move fluid down)
- Presence of secretory peg cells throughout to produce fluid for oocyte to be pushed down
What are the components of the oviduct?
- Fimbria = finger-like projections sweep 2* oocyte in
- Ampulla = site of oocyte fertilization
- Isthmus = delivers oocyte to uterus for implantation
Oviduct does not connect to what? How does it work?
Does NOT connect to the ovary
* Ovary releases 2* oocyte into abdominal cavity
* Then, Oviduct receives 2* oocyte from the cavity
As you travel from the _ to the _ the folding of the mucosa becomes less complex and the height of the epithelium is reduced.
Fimbria to the uterus
The lamina propria of the oviduct is made up of what?
made up of loose connective tissue and the muscularis has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
What is the epithelium of the uterus? What cells are present?
Epithelium = simple columnar w/ cilia
* Presence of secretory cells
same as oviduct-> ovary=simple cubital
What is the mucosa called in uterus?
What is it divided into?
Mucosa = Endometrium
* Divided into functional + basal layers
§ Functional gets sloughed off during menstruation
What is the lamina propria in the uterus?
Lamina propria = loose CT containing glands + helical arteries
* Glands secrete glycogen (stains light/pale)
* Presence of decidual cells (from stromal cells) in pregnancy
What is present in pregnancy?
Presence of decidual cells (from stromal cells) in pregnancy
What is the muscularis externa called in uterus?What does it consist of?
Myometrium
* Consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle
* Outer longitudinal->middle circular->inner longitudinal
What are the changes of the uterus during the menstrual cycle?
- Early Proliferative Phase = lack complete epithelium
- Late Proliferative Phase = fully intact epithelium + glands
- Secretory Phase = intact epithelium + large lumens of glands
What is the thickest point during the cycle?
the functional layer is about 6mm
What happens during the menstrual cycle
- Menstruation: Functional endometrium of the uterus is sloughed off
- Follicular (proliferative) phase = follicle develops + endometrium thickens
- Ovulation: LH surge causes release of mature oocyte
- Lutean (secretaroy phase): oocyte travels to uterus + glands secrete glycogen
Initiated by granulosa (follicular) cells producing progesterone
What causes the release of mature oocyte
LH surge
What happens in the lutean (secretory) phase?
Oocyte travels to uterus + glands secrete glycogen
* Initiated by granulosa lutean cells producing progesterone
How is the menstrual cycle regulated?
hormonal
* estrogen-> increases LH+ thickens endometrium
* Progesterone-> decreases LH+maintains thickened endometrium
How is the cervix divided into? What epithelium does it have?
- Endocervix: simple columnar epithelium with mucous glands
- Ectocervix: stratifed squamous epithelium
Vagina is also stratified squamous epithelium
Glands can become blocked in the cervix can form what?
Nabothian cysts
- What is the epithelium of the vagina ?
- What is not there ?
- What are charateristic?
Epithelium = stratified squamous
* Does NOT contain glands (unlike cervix)
* Thin lamina propria, Thick muscularis externa
NOTE: ectocervix has same epithelium as vagina
What is present in the placenta?
Villi = membrane folding of the placenta in the uterus
Contains cells =
* Outer layer of syncytiotrophoblasts= Contacts maternal blood space
* Inner layer of cytotrophoblasts
What are the 3 stages of villi of the placenta?
- 1* villi = just cells-> a layer of syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
- 2* villi = cells + mesenchyme
- 3* (chorionic) villi = cells + mesenchyme + b.v.’s
Stromal cells of the uterus become modified and form the _ which provides nourishment for the early implant
dicidua
- Where is the location of the mammary gland?
- Innactive vs. active?
- Breast tissue
- Active (lactating) breast= increase # of glands +few CT
- Inactive breast= decreased # of glands + lots of CT
