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Histology > Exam1Lec2Cytology > Flashcards

Exam1Lec2Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

what features are universal among all cells?

A

DNA replication, DNA transcripton and RNA translation which result in production of proteins

plasma membrane (bi-layer)

Organnels (specialized structures that perform specific function)

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells is made up of a lipid bi-layer containing what?

A

Phospholipides, proteins, cholesterol, and other components

need cholest for stabalization/ support

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3
Q

Organelles can be what type of structures?

A

Membranous or non -membranous

membrane bound vs non membrane bound

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4
Q

What are the different membrane bound organelles?

A

Mitochondria, golgi, ER (rough and smooth), lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes, transport vesicles, nucleus

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5
Q

What are the non-membranous organelles?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrioles, ribosomes

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6
Q

What is the major component of the fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipids which have a hydrophillic head outiside and hydrophobic tails inside.

also has chol, glycoproteins , and glycolipids

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7
Q

True or False: The proportion of different components of the membrane varies in the differnt types of membranes. This is important for fxn and how they react.

A

True

Ex: cell membrane in liver have 18% phosphotidylcholine and 12% sphingomyelin compared tgo ER which have 48% and 5%

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8
Q

What are the two forms of internal compartments of the mitochindria?

A

Outer and inner

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9
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded to form ____ which increases what?

A

cristae, incr surface area for ATP production

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10
Q

The majority of organelles are not visible with a standard bright field microscope, what is the exception?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

To aid in structure observation what is used?

A

immunocytochemical staining with fluorescent tags

some of these can be used in living cells such as rhodamine 123 for staining living mitochondria

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12
Q

What is used to stain the mitochondria?

A

rhodamine 123 for staining living mitochondria

this is an immunocytochemical stain

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13
Q

Mitochondria also contain ___, ___, and ___.

A

DNA, ribosomes, tRNA

these are used in the expression of the mitochondrial genome, but it is not complete enough to form all protein needed by the mitochondria ( not self-sufficient replication system)

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is a combination of what two things?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
membrane bound organelle with ribosomes attached via mRNA

As the ribosomes read the mrna, the resultant polypeptide is introduced into the lumen of the ER. (ribosomes are needed for protein translation-> results in polypeptide)

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is used in the production of what? Where is it mostly found?

A

Production of steroid hormones and in detoxification. It is prevalent in the liver, rep organs (gonads), and adrenal glands

NOT used in the formation of peptides

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16
Q

The golgi apparatus has 2 faces, explain this

A

Stack of cisternae with a cis face (entry) and trans face (exit)

entry-towards nucleus
exit-towards plasma membrane

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17
Q

What happens to proteins as they move through golgi?

A

They are modified and sorted

transport is either through vesicles or cisterne themselves

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18
Q

What are transfer vesicles?

A

Vesivcles formed to transfer material within the cell. Typically formed by budding of the Golgi apparatus membrane

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19
Q

Explain diference between endolysosome, phagolysosome, and autophagolysosome

A

Endolysosome is a secondary lysosome (fusion of lysosome w/endosome containing EC stuff)
Phagolysosome is a secodary lysosome (active) (fusion of lysosome with phagocyte containing bactera/virus)
Autophagolysosome is fusion of lysosome w/damaged or defective cell structure

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20
Q

What are residual bodies?

A

vesicles that have materials that can’t be digested, cells that dont divide build up a lot of residual bodies

They are either excreted or become lipofuscin granules that remain in the cytosol forever (aging pigment)

21
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

slide 33

A

Lysosomal storage disease

22
Q

What are endosomes?

A

Membrane limited vesicles formed by endocytosis. These can include material brought it by phagocystosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis

23
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Degrade fatty acids and toxins and contain oxidases for oxidation of organics

H202 + catale–> H2O + O2. Energy release is covnvertd to heat instead of ATP

24
Q

What are the primary roles of the nucleus?

A

Segragate the DNA which is then transcribed into RNA

25
Q

Major features of the nucleus

A

Double membrane including nuclear pores, euchromatin (actively transcribed), heterochromatin (less active) and nucleolus (area for ribosome production)

heterochromatin is the part being packaged away it is not actively used

26
Q

Nucleus viwed with fluorescene microscopy is stained with ____ and appear as a ____ color.

A

DAPI, blue

27
Q

What are the major cytoskeletal components?

A
  1. Microtubules (made of tubulin)
  2. Microfilaments (made of actin)
  3. Intermediate filaments

What interm filaments are made of varies from cell to cell

28
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Alpha and beta subunits that form dimers then 13 protofilaments with a alpha subunit at minus end and beta subunit at plus end

growth of microtubule is faster at plus end

29
Q

How are microtubules assembled?

A

From a MTOC (microtubule organization centers) aka centrosome for most cells, which are replicated during mitosis resulting in each daughter cell having a MTOC

centrosome is made of 2 centrioles

30
Q

What is a centrosome and what is it made of?

A

Nuceleation site for the formation of microtubules. It is made of 2 centrioles located near the nucleus. Gamma tubulun is the part of the centriole that binds to alpha and beta subunits of microtubules

replicated during cell division

31
Q

What is the difference of how a centrosome looks vs cilia

slide 53

A

It is made of 9 triplets of tubulin (ABC) compared to cilia with 9 doublets with a center doublet

32
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Globular g-actin formed into filamentous f-actin. Has a plus end ( fast growing, barbed) and minus end (slow growing, pointed)

33
Q

When does polymerization into filaments occur?

A

When the concentration of g-actin is above critical concentration

if there is not enough g-actin you cannot polymerize into f-actin

34
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Connective, muscle, neuro, epithelial

35
Q

True or false, we have several types of interm filaments depending on the tissue

A

True

36
Q

Where are type 1 and type 2 interm filaments found?

A

Type 1 (acidic) and Type 2 (basic and neutral) cytokeratins found in epithelial cells and derivatives

epithelial tissue lines or covers, so any organ has epithelium

37
Q

What are type 3 interm filaments?

A

Vimentin like
* There are vimentin cells of mesenchymal origin (mesenchymal cells-conn tissue)
* Desmin skeletal muscle (ex: cardiac )
* GFAP-astrocytes
* Peripherin-peripheral nerves

38
Q

What are type 4 interm filaments?

A

Neurofilaments-axons and dendrites of nerves

39
Q

What are type 5 interm filaments?

A

Nuclear lamins A,B, C-inner nuclear membrane (forms meshwork)

40
Q

What are type 6 interm filaments?

A

Nestin-neuronal stem cells of CNS

41
Q

What are molecular motors and the major types?

A

Move organelles and other structures within a cell. Major types are kinesins, dyneins, and myosins

42
Q

What do kinesins, dyneins, and myosin move along?

A

Kinesins and dyneins move along microtubules and myosin moves along actin filaments

isolated myosin moves along actin filaments, myosin are in bundles for muscles

43
Q

Between mysosin 1 and myosin 2, which one moves around and which one we see typically in muscle cells

A

Myosin 1 moves aroung
Myosin 2 are in muscle cells

44
Q

Kinesins move in what direction?

A

From cell body/centrosome to peiphery ( + end)

anterograde

45
Q

Dyneins move in what direction?

A

From periphery toward centrosome (-end)

retrograde

46
Q

Dynein plays a major roll in movement of what?

A

Cilia and flagella. If cilia doesnt work, can develop resp. issues, no csf movement, and reproductive issues

47
Q

slide 76

A
48
Q

During cell adhesion, if there is a defect in vinculin, alpha-actinin, talin which are all inside the cell, what an occur?

A

Blistering disease

49
Q

What is the primary process in muscle contraction?

A

Mysoin interaction with actin filaments

Histology (39 decks)

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