exam question prep Flashcards

1
Q

Which description best describes what is happening in a fixed-interval scallop?

A) After the behavior is reinforced, it starts occurring very quickly then drops off towards the end of the interval

B) After the behavior is reinforced, it starts occurring very slowly, then gradually picks up towards the end of the interval

C) After the behavior is reinforced, it occurs at a smooth pace until the next reinforcer is delivered

D) After the behavior is reinforced, it starts occurring very quickly until the next reinforcer is delivered

A

B- starts off slow, then picks up speed and gets even faster

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2
Q

A teacher wants to teach a group of students to raise their hands and wait for their turn to speak during class discussions. She decides to use a group contingency program, where the entire group earns points whenever a select group of students engages in appropriate behavior. Which type of group contingency is the teacher implementing?

A) Independent group contingency

B) Interdependent group
contingency

C) Dependent group contingency

D) Intergroup contingency

A

Dependent group contingency- 1 person or a group meets criteria= everyone is rewarded

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3
Q

Susan, a BCBA, is working with Bailey, a nonverbal child who engages in self-injurious behavior when denied access to preferred items during communication attempts. Bailey has demonstrated strong motor ability by mastering several different motor imitation and listener responding targets. Susan decides to use a picture exchange communication system (PECS) to teach Bailey functional communication. What type of prompt fading strategy should Susan implement during PECS training?

A) Stimulus fading

B) Errorless learning with time delay prompt fading

C) Least-to-most prompt fading

D) Errorless learning with most-to-least physical prompt fading

A

B. Errorless learning with time delay prompt fading- providing least intrusive but effective prompt after a certain time delay. start with immediate reinforcement, then increase delay; reasoning client has motor abilities so we might not need physical prompts. we might be able to start with a less intrusive prompt- time delay.

e.g. “touch nose” -> prompt: model with 0s delay.

“touch nose” -> prompt: model with 3s delay

“touch nose” -> prompt: IND

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4
Q

A behavior analyst is working with a child who throws tantrums when denied access to preferred toys and the function has been confirmed to be access via an FA. During an observation with parents, the analyst noted that they implemented a schedule where, on average, every 5th instance of the tantrum results in access to the toy. What would we expect the tantrumming behavior to look like given this schedule of reinforcement?

A) Mild rates of the behavior evenly throughout the day
B) High rates of the behavior with few interruptions
C) High rates of the behavior with some pauses after getting the toy
D) Mild rates of the behavior with some longer pauses throughout the day

A

B. High rates of behavior with few interruptions

*this is a VR schedule, which produces high rate of responses with few pauses/no post reinforcement pause

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5
Q

Which of the following best describes reliability in measurement procedures?

A) The extent to which a measurement procedure accurately reflects the intended concept.
B) The consistency or stability of measurement results over time and across different observers.
C) The degree to which a measurement procedure yields similar results for different conditions.
D) The ability of a measurement procedure to capture all aspects of the target behavior.

A

B) The consistency or stability of measurement results over time and across different observers.

*reliable data=predictable and stable data

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6
Q

When using continuous measurement procedures, what is a potential advantage over discontinuous measurement?

A) Continuous measurement allows for more efficient data collection.
B) Continuous measurement provides a more detailed analysis of behavior patterns.
C) Continuous measurement reduces the risk of observer drift.
D) Continuous measurement is less susceptible to reactivity.

A

B. Continuous measurement provides a more detailed analysis of behavior patterns.

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7
Q

Which measurement procedure is most appropriate for recording the time it takes from the onset of a stimulus or cue to the initiation of a response?

A) Duration recording.
B) Interresponse time recording.
C) Latency recording.
D) Event recording.

A

C. Latency recording

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8
Q

In a behavior change program, data are collected during the baseline phase to:

A) Determine the effectiveness of the intervention.
B) Establish a stable and predictable level of behavior.
C) Identify potential reinforcers for the target behavior.
D) Determine the terminal performance criterion for the intervention.

A

B) Establish a stable and predictable level of behavior.

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9
Q

Trisha is using partial-interval recording to measure a child’s on-task behavior during a one-hour classroom observation. The observation period is divided into 10-minute intervals. What is a potential limitation of using this measurement procedure?

A) It may overestimate the actual duration of on-task behavior.
B) It requires the observer to continuously record behavior throughout the observation period.
C) It is not suitable for recording high-frequency behaviors.
D) It is challenging to graph and interpret the data.

A

A. It may overestimate the actual duration of on-task behavior.

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10
Q

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is best described as:

A) A practice that uses well-researched tactics to change socially valid behavior
B) An experimental form of research on behavioral techniques that reliably change socially valid behavior
C) An experimental form of research that is used to further advance the knowledge base of the principles of behavior
D) A counseling technique that emphasizes always using unconditional positive reinforcement

A

B) An experimental form of research on behavioral techniques that reliably change socially valid behavior

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11
Q

BCBA Jacque is conducting a functional behavior assessment (FBA) to determine the function of a child’s tantrum behavior. What data collection methods are most appropriate for the direct assessment?

A) Direct observation, interviews, and functional analysis.
B) Parent report, self-report, and indirect assessment.
C) Video recording, survey questionnaires, and event recording.
D) Frequency recording, duration recording, and partial interval recording

A

D) Frequency recording, duration recording, and partial interval recording

*the other choices included indirect assessments. we are looking for direct assessments only!

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12
Q

Which of the following is the best example of a mand?

A) A verbal response that elicits a particular consequence.
B) A non-vocal behavior that indicates a request for something.
C) A skill that a client has already mastered and can perform independently.
D) A verbal response that results in attention.

A

B. A non-vocal behavior that indicates a request for something.

*the term “elicit” is only correlated to respondent behavior. “evoke” is what we would use in this scenario for operant stimuli. TRICKY QUESTION

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13
Q

A BCBA is designing a behavior intervention plan for Emma, who exhibits aggressive behavior. The BCBA plans to use response cost as a consequence for Emma’s aggressive outbursts. Which example best describes response cost?

A) Increasing the token cost of items at the school store when she aggresses.
B) Removing a token following Emma’s aggressive behavior.
C) Removing her from the reinforcing environment after Emma’s aggressive behavior occurs.
D) Providing reinforcement for appropriate behaviors

A

B) Removing a token following Emma’s aggressive behavior.

*response cost= negative punishment; permanent removal of an item
*C is more of a time out procedure

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14
Q

Kendra is implementing an extinction procedure to decrease Mia’s tantrum behavior. What is the primary goal of using extinction?

A) To provide an alternative behavior that competes with Mia’s tantrum.
B) To gradually reduce the frequency of Mia’s tantrum behavior.
C) To eliminate the reinforcing consequences that maintain Mia’s tantrum.
D) To introduce a punishment consequence for Mia’s tantrum behavior.

A

C) To eliminate the reinforcing consequences that maintain Mia’s tantrum.

*cutting off reinforcement to decrease behavior

*A is more of a DRA
*B extinction works quickly, not gradually
*D extinction is not punishment

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15
Q

A BCBA is working with Noah, who has difficulty making friends and engaging in social interactions. The BCBA designs a social skills training program. Which teaching method would be most effective for this intervention?

A) Using punishment procedures to discourage inappropriate social behavior.
B) Utilizing respondent conditioning principles to increase social interactions.
C) Providing modeling, role-playing, and coaching to teach appropriate social behaviors to Noah.
D) Employing extinction procedures to decrease undesirable social behavior.

A

C) Providing modeling, role-playing, and coaching to teach appropriate social behaviors to Noah.

*A reinforcement should come before we resort to punishment
*B SOCIAL interactions are OPERANT behavior, not respondent!!
*D this option is only focusing on reducing and not increasing behavior

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16
Q

In the context of behavior assessment, what does the term “interobserver agreement” refer to?

A) The agreement between of the BCBA and the client (or client’s family) on treatment goals.
B) The agreement between different observers on the occurrence of the target behavior.
C) The agreement of different researchers on the data collection procedures to be used.
D) The agreement between different observers at different times collecting similar behavior data.

A

B) The agreement between different observers on the occurrence of the target behavior.

*C is more about validity than IOA
*D IOA must be recorded at the SAME time

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17
Q

In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is the main difference between fixed interval (FI) and variable interval (VI) schedules?

A) FI schedules provide reinforcement after a fixed number of time and responses, while VI schedules provide reinforcement for the first response after a variable number of responses and time.
B) FI schedules provide reinforcement after a fixed amount of time, while VI schedules provide reinforcement after a variable amount of time.
C) FI schedules provide reinforcement for the first response after a fixed amount of time, while VI schedules provide reinforcement for the first response after a variable amount of time.
D) FI schedules provide reinforcement after a fixed number of responses, while VI schedules provide reinforcement after a variable amount of responses.

A

C) FI schedules provide reinforcement for the first response after a fixed amount of time, while VI schedules provide reinforcement for the first response after a variable amount of time.

*interval=time, ratio=number of responses

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18
Q

A BCBA is conducting a functional analysis for Liam’s Screaming behavior. During the functional analysis, the BCBA runs a phase where Liam is given attention on an NCR schedule, no demands are provided, and he is given access to a preferred item if he screams. What function is this condition testing?

A) Attention
B) Escape/Demand
C) Access/Tangible
D) Automatic/Sensory

A

C) Access/Tangible

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19
Q

LeeAnn is working with Jamie, who engages in aggressive behavior during academic tasks. As the BCBA, she designs an intervention plan to increase compliance and task engagement. What should be the primary focus of the intervention plan?

A) To provide reinforcement before Jamie’s aggressive behavior to reduce its occurrence.
B) To use punishment to discourage Jamie’s aggressive behavior during academic tasks.
C) To identify and reinforce appropriate alternative behaviors to replace Jamie’s aggression while using extinction.
D) To use extinction whenever he is aggressive to decrease the behavior to 0.

A

C) To identify and reinforce appropriate alternative behaviors to replace Jamie’s aggression while using extinction.

*D whenever we decrease behavior we also want to provide the alternative behavior

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20
Q

When using the partial-interval recording measurement procedure, how is the behavior recorded if it occurs only for a brief time during the interval?

A) As an occurrence for that interval.
B) As a nonoccurrence for that interval.
C) As the total duration of the behavior during the interval.
D) As 1 occurrence of the behavior during the interval.

A

A) As an occurrence for that interval

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21
Q

Rob conducts a study where he observes behavior and documents what “self-injurious behavior” may commonly look like with individuals diagnosed with autism. Which level of scientific understanding did Rob achieve?

a. control
b. description
c. effective
d. prediction

A

control; the highest level of scientific understanding using functional relations in well controlled experiments.

22
Q

Rob conducts a study following an ABAB design to measure if a DRA procedure would reduce the frequency of self-injurious behavior. Self-injurious behavior was reduced during all three phases after the initial baseline. When the study ended Rob discovered that the client started a medication change at the same time that the study began. Which level of scientific understanding did Rob demonstrate?

Control
None
Description
Prediction

23
Q

goal of behavior analysis as a science

all are correct
description
control
prediction

A

all are correct

24
Q

highest level of scientific understanding

description
prediction
control
all

25
John is a BCBA that just received a new client. The new client received services prior and already had a behavior intervention plan in place. John was able to read his prior behavior plan and know completely what interventions were being run before, to the extent he could replicate the interventions. This demonstrates which dimension of ABA? Technological Behavioral Conceptually systematic Effective
Technological
26
The BCBA wants to find out why a client is engaging in problem behavior. The BC distributes a questionnaire about the individual's mood. He determines that the client is engaging in the problem behavior because the client's mood is frequently poor. This violates which dimension of behavior? Applied Analytic Effective Behavioral
Behavioral *Behavioral refers to a couple things. First, behavior needs to be measurable. The observers need to know when the behavior happens with clear behavioral definitions. Second, we study behavior, not about behavior. If we want to improve behavior of an individual, we look at the specific behavior and the environment, not indirect measures such as questionnaires.
27
this occurs when a learner is given repeated contrived opportunities to emit the response differential reinforcement discrete trial free operant
discrete trials
28
which of the following is an advantage of the changing criterion design? it does not require a withdrawal or reversal the target behavior must already be in the subject's repertoire incorporating necessary features of the design may impede optimal learning rates all of the above
it does not require a withdrawal or reversal
29
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a stimulus class? being a behavior to increase or decrease having a similar physical appearance having the same effect on behavior or the environment occurring at the same time
being a behavior to increase or decrease
30
which term describes a stimulus that indicates the unavailability of reinforcement? SDP SD SdeltaP Sdelta
Delta
31
what does the "level" in graphed data represent? the extent to which data points differ from each other the overall direction of the data points over time the frequency of behavior occurrence the average value of the data points along the y-axis
the average value of the data points along the y-axis
32
rate is an appropriate measure for which of the following procedures? all are correct behaviors within discrete trials free operant behaviors
free operant
33
all of the following are trial based methods for determining preferred stimuli EXCEPT paired stimuli single stimulus free operant observation multiple stimuli
free operant observation
34
how can maturation threaten internal validity in ABA studies? it can cause changes in the dependent variable unrelated to the intervention it increases the likelihood experimental bias it reduces the generalizability of the study it affects the consistency of the intervention
it can cause changes in the dependent variable unrelated to the intervention
35
which scenario exemplifies the use of a product measure? interviewing a parent about a child's behavior using a rating scale to assess behavior observing a student during class counting the number of completed homework assignments
counting the number of completed homework assignments
36
You created a goal for one of your clients, wrote a behavior support plan specifying what staff must do, and trained staff in the necessary skills to complete the task. What might be the next task to complete? Continuously evaluate staff performance and consumer outcome attainment. Monitor staff performance. Correct nonproficient staff performance. Support proficient staff performance.
Monitor staff performance.
37
Ted received behavior analytic services, addressing his cursing behavior. These services were terminated 3 months ago after reaching his goals. Ted continues to not curse and is frequently making appropriate comments. Which dimension of ABA is evident? Generality Analytic Effective Technological
Generality
38
When making conclusions from a component analysis it is important to consider the possibility that the effects of one condition may carry over and influence behavior in subsequent conditions. This effect is known as: Sequence effects Additive effects Reactivity Multiplicative effects
Sequence effects
39
What is defined as "the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism exists"? Stimulus Environment Stimulus class Antecedent
environment
40
Using NCR may decrease problem behaviors by: Delivering reinforcement for appropriate behaviors Withholding reinforcement for problem behaviors Functioning as an abolishing operation (AO) reducing motivation to engage in the behavior Functioning as an establishing operation (EO) reducing motivation to engage in the behavior
Functioning as an abolishing operation (AO) reducing motivation to engage in the behavior
41
Which of the following is a disadvantage of group designs? Group data mask variability Group data do not represent real behavioral processes Between-groups designs lack intrasubject replication All answers provided are disadvantages of group designs
All answers provided are disadvantages of group designs
42
You deliver a reprimand to your supervisee however it does not result in a decrease in inappropriate workplace behavior. If you wanted to establish reprimands as a punisher what might you do? Continue delivering reprimands until they function as a punisher Deliver a reprimand just before delivering a pay decrease Focus on increasing appropriate replacement behavior through positive reinforcement Deliver reprimands on a delayed schedule at least 1 day following the behavior
Deliver a reprimand just before delivering a pay decrease
43
Is non-contingent reinforcement actually reinforcement? No it is not contingent on behavior and does not result in an increase in behavior. Yes it can improve behavior and is a research based intervention. No it doesn't actually work Yes it is the delivery of appetitive stimuli
No it is not contingent on behavior and does not result in an increase in behavior.
44
What is 'bootlegged reinforcement' in the context of ABA studies? Failing to provide promised reinforcement. Using negative reinforcement in the study. Providing reinforcement at inconsistent intervals. Accessing reinforcement outside of the planned intervention.
Accessing reinforcement outside of the planned intervention.
45
In the context of behavior analysis, what does a simple discrimination involve? A single antecedent stimulus indicating the availability of reinforcement for a specific behavior. A chain of behaviors leading to reinforcement. Multiple antecedent stimuli indicating reinforcement. A conditional relationship between stimuli and behavior.
A single antecedent stimulus indicating the availability of reinforcement for a specific behavior.
46
After successfully learning to greet teachers with a handshake at school, a child begins to also greet teachers with a high five, or fist bump. Which concept does this exemplity? Response Generalization Social Skills Training Extinction Response Maintenance
Response Generalization
47
What is the key difference between operant and respondent extinction? Operant extinction is about increasing a behavior, while respondent extinction is about decreasing it. Operant extinction involves unconditioned stimuli, while respondent extinction does not. Operant extinction involves the cessation of reinforcement for a behavior, while respondent extinction involves the conditioned stimulus being presented without the unconditioned stimulus. They are the same process.
Operant extinction involves the cessation of reinforcement for a behavior, while respondent extinction involves the conditioned stimulus being presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
48
When Jose experiences a headache, he takes aspirin, and the headache goes away. This leads to an increase in taking aspirin in the future. This is an example of: Automatic negative reinforcement Automatic positive reinforcement Socially mediated negative reinforcement Socially mediated positive reinforcement
Automatic negative reinforcement
49
Which of the following must occur in order for the highest level of scientific understanding to occur in behavior analytic research? Significant correlation between two variables Functional relation Significant P value (P < 0.05) A reversal to baseline
functional relation
50
Tom wears a glove on his hand to mask the sensation of slapping his own head. His behavior is reinforced when he holds a toy firmly with both hands. Which type of differential reinforcement is this? Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) Differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH) Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
DRI reinforces bc that’s topographically incompatible with the bx of interest while withholding r+ for inappropriate behavior
51
How can behavior analysts facilitate the transfer of a behavior's reinforcement to natural reinforcers? Pairing natural reinforcers with contrived reinforcers and then gradually fading out the contrived ones. Removing all forms of reinforcement immediately after the intervention. By using only contrived reinforcers throughout the intervention. Focusing solely on punishment strategies.
Pairing natural reinforcers with contrived reinforcers and then gradually fading out the contrived ones.
52
Can observational learning occur without direct participation in the observed contingency? No, it requires the learner to perform the behavior first. Yes, but only if the behavior is reinforced. No, direct participation is necessary. Yes, it involves learning from the outcomes of others' actions.
Yes, it involves learning from the outcomes of others' actions.