Domain B Flashcards
3 types of stimulus receptors
PIE
proprioceptors- receive stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles; e.g. posture, balance, movement (internal)
interoceptors- receive stimulation from organs e.g. headache, fast heart rate, hunger (internal)
exteroceptors- 5 senses (external)
stimulus classes
FFFAT
Formal- share a certain feature (e.g. things that are green, things that are round, bad smells, loud noises)
Feature-share infinite topographies (e.g. dog breeds, cats/dogs/lions, bike/car/bus, chair/table/couch)
Functional-same effect on behavior;
have an immediate yet temporary effect on behavior (e.g. things that provide warmth: heater, blanket, sweater. sour taste: lemon, spoiled milk. loud noise: drum, horn, police car)
Arbitrary- physically different, evoke same response (e.g. synonyms, fruit)
Temporal- related by their place in time (e.g. SDs and MOs both occur prior to behavior. reinforcement and punishment both occur after behavior.)
2 primary types of behavior. Name and compare them.
respondent behavior- reflexive, involuntary; elicited without prior learning; phylogenic
operant behavior- behavior controlled by its consequences; emitted and/or evoked; ontogenic
respondent behavior is __________.
a. elicited
b. evoked
c. emitted
elicited- unlearned responses; reflexes where the unconditioned response bears a one-to-one relationship to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. gagging, salivating, fear reactions, blushing. uncontrollable reflexes)
operant behavior is __________.
a. elicited
b. evoked
c. emitted
emitted and/or evoked
emitted- produced; not an automatic response (e.g. answering questions in class)
evoked- learned responses (through learning history and consequences)
classical and pavlovian conditioning, stimulus-stimulus pairing (S-S), conditioned stimulus-conditioned response (CS-CR)
respondent conditioning
ABC, 3-term contingency, behavioral, contingency, stimulus-response-stimulus (S-R-S) model
operant conditioning
critical part of operant conditioning
consequences
all ABA strategies are derived from these 3 principles
reinforcement
punishment
extinction
a response becomes more frequent in the future if previously followed by a reinforcer within __________ seconds.
:00 - :03 seconds
__________ maintains behavior that is already occurring, makes antecedent-stimulus conditions relevant, and is a linear concept.
reinforcement (it also increases behavior)
2 types of negative reinforcement
escape
avoidance: 2 types; discriminated avoidance & free-operant avoidance
2 types of avoidance
discriminated- the arrival of a bad thing is signaled (think: warning); has an SD that signals availability of negative reinforcement (e.g. news traffic warning)
free-operant- no SD to signal the availability of negative reinforcement ; avoiding the bad thing without an SD (e.g. avoiding traffic between 4-7pm without checking for traffic information)
type I reinforcement; SR+ = __________
type II reinforcement; SR- = __________
SP= __________
SDP= __________
type I punishment; SP+
type II punishment; SR-
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punisher
discriminative stimulus for punishment
positive punishment
negative punishment
punisher vs aversive stimulus?
punisher- a stimulus change that decreases future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
aversive stimulus- an unpleasant stimulus that may or may not impact future behavior
behavior is defined by its __________, not __________!
function, NOT topography!
when behavior is evoked, shaped, or maintained by environmental variables delivered without another person’s mediation
automatic reinforcement contingency
automatic reinforcement contingencies: describe each
positive automatic reinforcement
negative automatic reinforcement
positive automatic punishment
negative automatic punishment
positive automatic reinforcement- behavior is immediately followed by a presentation/addition of a stimulus which increases the future frequency of that behavior (the behavior of adding the stimulus)
negative automatic reinforcement- when behavior is immediately followed by reduction or removal of a stimulus which increases future behavior (scratching mosquito bite to relieve itch)
positive automatic punishment- behavior is immediately followed by presentation or addition of a stimulus that decreases future behavior (flicking rubber band to wrist whenever cursing to decrease cursing)
negative automatic punishment behavior is followed immediately by the reduction or removal of desirable stimulus that decreases future behavior (e.g. removing nice nail polish whenever biting nails to decrease nail biting)
turning on air conditioner when feeling hot, and continuing to do when needing cool air is an example of __________
positive automatic reinforcement
scratching a mosquito bite to relieve the itch is an example of __________
negative automatic reinforcement
snapping a rubber band on your wrist each time you curse resulting in cursing less is an example of __________
positive automatic punishment
forcing yourself to remove your nice nail polish every time you bite your nails is an example of __________
negative automatic punishment
automaticity vs automatic reinforcement and punishment
automaticity refers to how reinforcement and punishment affect behavior without a person’s awareness.
automatic reinforcement and punishment refer to the person reinforcing or punishing themselves with no social mediation.
when antecedents and consequences are presented by another person
socially mediated contingency
primary reinforcer, unlearned
unconditioned reinforcers (UCR)
secondary reinforcer, learned; stimulus-stimulus pairing
conditioned reinforcer (CR)
NS + 1 or more UR or CR= CR
Doesn’t depend on MO’s for effectiveness because it’s been paired with an unlimited number of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
generalized conditioned reinforcers (GCSR)
examples of ___________ include money, tokens, social praise
generalized conditioned reinforcers (GCSR)
examples of __________ include reprimands (warnings), stern tone of voice, fines, red marks on grades, head shakes, scowls, frowns
generalized conditioned punishers (GCSP)
Reinforcers and punishers are defined by their __________ on behavior.
effect
Reinforcement is delivered every time the target behavior occurs (aka FR-1); used for the acquisition phase of novel behaviors
continuous reinforcement (CRF)
when some (not all) instances of target behavior are reinforced; used for maintaining behaviors that have already been established; transition from artificial->natural reinforcement
intermittent schedules of reinforcement (INT)
0 reinforcement; absence of reinforcement
extinction
4 schedules of intermittent reinforcement
FI
FR
VI
VR
number of needed correct responses for reinforcement to be delivered
ratio
an amount of time needs to pass before reinforcement is available for one correct response
interval
a constant rate or time criteria
fixed
a rate or time that varies, but averages around the scheduled criterion
variable
strongest basic schedule of intermittent reinforcement
VR
__________ produce post reinforcement pause
FR & FI
hint:
for FI, client automatically pauses reflexively after earning all their tokens. Does not occur with VR because of the uncertainty of reinforcement.
for FI, client paused during the earlier part of the interval (think: finishing a paper before its due date and taking a pause from paper writing before the due date)
low ratio requirements produce a __________ response rate, while higher ratios produce a __________ response rate.
low ratio = lower response rate
high ratio= higher response rate
a supervisor randomly checking in with an employee every few days to provide reinforcement for consistent effort is an example of __________
VI schedule of reinforcement
when rate of responding gradually accelerates toward the end of the interval (slow start but accelerates with maximum rate at end of interval)
FI scallop
in FI, larger intervals produce __________ rates of response and shorter intervals produce __________ rates of response. Larger FI requirement = __________post-reinforcement pause and vice versa.
larger intervals produce lower rates of response
shorter intervals produce higher rates of response
larger FI requirement = longer post-reinforcement pauses
constant, stable rate of response; produces very few pauses in responding; low to moderate rate of response
VI
4 COMPOUND schedules of reinforcement
Concurrent
Multiple
Chained
Mixed
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