Ch 18 Flashcards
behavior whose reinforcement is mediated by a listener/another person; includes nonvocal-verbal & vocal-verbal bx (all verbal bx); functional
verbal behavior
involves two levels of verbal behavior: a primary response (e.g. “the ice is solid”) and secondary response (e.g. “I think”). the _____ adds information to benefit the listener by clarifying or modifying the primary response
autoclitic
circumstances in which behavior is evoked, shaped, maintained, or weakened by environmental variables without direct human manipulation
automatic contingencies
a single-component word or phrase evokes a nonmatching intraverbal response; aka a single verbal stimulus (SD) directly controls the response; only has one SD
e.g. “touch the car” -> touches car. the single verbal cue “car” directly controls response.
“clap your hands”->claps hands. only the spoken instruction is given.
“what is your name?”->”John”. correct response based on direct cue.
simple verbal discrimination
involves two or more verbal SDs/cues/stimuli that combine to create a new SD, evoking a more specific behavior.
e.g.”put spoon next to plate”
“jump when I say clap, run when I say go”
“who is wearing the green hat?”
compound verbal discrimination
type of verbal operant with point-to-point correspondence and no formal similarity
codic
type of verbal behavior/operant where the response is evoked by a verbal stimulus, has formal similarity, point-to-point correspondence, and history of generalized reinforcment.
e.g. “cat” is written on a board -> learner writes “cat” on paper
teacher says “dog” ->learner says “dog”
duplic
stimulus and response are in the same modality and physically resemble each other (look or sound the same)
e.g. both spoken, both written, both signed
formal similarity
key word form, like at the gym
when the beginning, middle, and end of a verbal stimulus matches that of the response. may differ in form.
e.g. teacher says “write apple” -> learner writes apple
teacher says “dog” -> learner repeats “dog” vocally
point-to-point correspondence
type of duplic verbal behavior where a motor response is controlled by a visual-verbal SD with formal similarity and history of generalized reinforcement
motor imitation (relating to sign language)
someone who engages in verbal behavior to communicate. their bx is controlled by antecedents (MOs, SDs) and consequences (R+ or punishment).
e.g. mand, tact, intraverbal, echoic, textual, gesture, signs, pictures, codes, etc
speaker
verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a nonverbal SD, followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement
tact
4 types
- generic
- metaphorical
- metonymical
- solecistic
_____ occurs when a person labels or describes something new based on its similarity to something they already know.
tact extension
verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or fingerspelled response with no formal similarity between the stimulus and response, but has point-to-point correspondence and history of generalized reinforcement
taking dictation
when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one response
-single stimulus -> many different verbal responses
e.g. when asked “what do you want to do?” child says “watch tv! eat! go to the park!”
teacher shows picture of cat. child says “it’s fluffy! cat. I have one!”
divergent multiple control
behaviors, actions, or processes that are hidden, private, or not directly observable by others.
e.g. thinking, feeling
covert behavior
____ as a listener: hearing instructions and silently repeating them to yourself
____ as a speaker: mentally rehearsing what to say in a conversation or silently solving a problem
-still considered verbal behavior because it involves stimuli and reinforcement
covert speaking
stimulus relations that are not taught directly but emerge indirectly through related instruction or experience; learner demonstrates untrained relations between stimuli after being taught some relations. learner derives new associations without direct instruction, showing evidence of generalization and generative learning.
emergent/derived stimulus relations
2 types- convergent and divergent
multiple control (of verbal behavior)
verbal operant evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement. allows speaker to request or reject.
mand
when verbal SD evoked a specific nonverbal behavior, due to a history of reinforcement
listener discrimination
someone who reinforces a speaker’s verbal behavior. may serve as an audience evoking verbal behavior. may engage in covert speaking.
listener
verbal operant evoked by a verbal stimulus without point-to-point correspondence. basis for social interaction and academic behavior.
intraverbal
michael’s term for skinner’s taxonomy of speaker behavior; 5 verbal operants- mand, tact, intraverbal, duplic, codic
elementary verbal operants
