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Cell & Tissue Biology > Exam #4: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam #4: Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the airway transition from conduction to respiration?

A

Terminale Bronchiole (Conducting) –> Respiratory Bronchiole (Respiratory)

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2
Q

Extra-pulmonary vs. Intrapulmonary

A

Extrapulmonary=
- Outside of the lung tissue proper
- Superior to & including the primary bronchi
Intrapulmonary=
- Inside the lung tissue proper
- Secondary bronchi –>Terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

Lobular Bronchiole/ Primary Bronchiole

A

Gives rise to the secondary pulmonary lobule, extending from the tertiary bronchus. Distal structures include:

  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Respiratory Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

Interlobular Septum

A
  • Separates secondary pulmonary lobules

- Contains lymphatic vessels & pulmonary vein

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5
Q

What runs with the primary bronchiole in the secondary pulmonary lobule?

A
  • Pulmonary artery runs centrally

- Part of the lymphatic component

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6
Q

Pulmonary Acinus

A

Branches that extend from each terminal bronchiole in the secondary pulmonary lobule

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7
Q

Primary Pulmonary Lobule

A
  • Also called the respiratory lobule, extension from each respiratory bronchiole
  • Where gas exchange occurs
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8
Q

Anthracosis

A

Accumulation of black carbon pigment by macrophages in the lymph vessels of the interlobular septum

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9
Q

Olfactory Receptor

A

Bipolar neuron in the olfactory epithelium

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10
Q

Brush Cells

A

Sensory cell that makes contact with CN V in the basal aspect of the olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

Sustentacular Cells

A

Support cells of the olfactory epithelium, containing lipofuscin

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12
Q

Basal Cells

A

Stem cell of the olfactory epithelium, located in the basal domain

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13
Q

Swell Bodies

A
  • Erectile venous bodies in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium
  • Accumulate blood to alternate nares to redirect air flow
  • ->prevents dehydration
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14
Q

What type of epithelium covers the larynx?

A
  • Stratified squamous non-keratinized on tongue surface of epiglottis & true vocal cords (most forces)
  • Rest is a respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified columnar w/ goblet cells & cilia
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15
Q

What keeps the vocal cords moist?

A

The laryngeal ventricle (or saccule) lying just superior to vocal cords w/ numerous serous glands

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16
Q

How does the diversity of cell types change along the respiratory tree?

A
  • Large airways are most diverse

- Less diversity distally

17
Q

Cell Types Superior to Terminal Bronchus

A
  • Ciliated Columnar Cells
  • Goblet Cells
  • Basal Cells
  • Neuroendocrine Cells
  • Brush Cells (Sensory cells of the airway)
  • Nonepithelial Cells (Intraepithelial lymphocytes & mast cells)
18
Q

Cell Types of the Primary Bronchiole

A
  • Ciliated Columnar Cells
  • Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
  • Goblet Cells
  • Basal Cells
  • Brush Cells
19
Q

Cell Types of the Terminal Bronchiole

A
  • Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
  • Non-ciliated Cuboidal Cells
  • Club Cells
  • Brush Cells

**No Goblet cells unless the person is a smoker**

20
Q

Cell Types of the Respiratory Bronchiole

A
  • Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
  • Non-ciliated Cuboidal Cells
  • Club Cells
  • Type I Pneumocytes
21
Q

Cell Types of the Alveoli

A

Type I & II Pneumocytes

22
Q

Wall Layers of the Trachea & Primary Bronchus

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa w/ glands
  • Cartilage
  • Adventitia
23
Q

Wall Layers of the Intrapulmonary Bronchi

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis (smooth muscle layer)
  • Submucosa w/ glands
  • Cartilage
  • Adventitia
24
Q

Wall Layers of the Bronchioles

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Fibroelastic Cartilage Layer
25
Q

What do the submucosal glands of the intrapulmonary bronchi secrete?

A
  • Muscin–>mucous
  • Lactoferrin–> binds iron (bactericidal)
  • Lysozyme (bactericidal)
  • IgA
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin & other protease inhibitors (keeps inflammation in check to prevent damage to the lung tissue)
26
Q

What are the five main modifications of the airway in repsone to Asthma?

A
  • Increased mucus
  • Increased thickness of the basal lamina
  • Increased thickness of the lamina propria due to edema & emigration of inflammatory cells
  • Increased thickness of the muscularis
  • Increased glands in the submucosa
27
Q

Characterstics of Primary Bronchioles

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Contains Goblet Cells
  • No Club Cells
28
Q

Characterstics of Terminal Bronchioles

A
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium
  • No Goblet Cells
  • Club Cells
29
Q

Characterstics of Respiratory Bronchioles

A
  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
  • No Goblet Cells
  • Club Cells
30
Q

Club Cells

A
  • Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  • Secrete surfactant-like substance & CC16 protein (anti-inflammatory & antioxidant)
  • Damage to the bronchioles will lead to an increase in CC16 in serum
  • Transport Cl-
  • Stem cells
31
Q

Type I vs. Type II Pneumocytes

A
  • Type I= very flat/ attenuated squamous cell (occupy 90% of the alveolus)
  • Type II= produce surfactant (more numerous)
32
Q

When does surfactant synthesis begin & what stimulates the synthesis of surfactant?

A
  • 20-22 weeks
  • Corticosteroids stimulate the synthesis of surfactant

Hyperinsulinemia inhibits cortisol secretion and thereby increases the chance of the fetus developing respiratory distress syndrome

33
Q

Renke’s Edema

A

Accumulation of edema in Renke’s space that is caused by irritation of the larynx

34
Q

Bowman’s Glands

A

Serous glands of the olfactory epithelium

Cell & Tissue Biology (25 decks)

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