Exam #4: Respiratory System Flashcards
Where does the airway transition from conduction to respiration?
Terminale Bronchiole (Conducting) –> Respiratory Bronchiole (Respiratory)
Extra-pulmonary vs. Intrapulmonary
Extrapulmonary=
- Outside of the lung tissue proper
- Superior to & including the primary bronchi
Intrapulmonary=
- Inside the lung tissue proper
- Secondary bronchi –>Terminal bronchioles
Lobular Bronchiole/ Primary Bronchiole
Gives rise to the secondary pulmonary lobule, extending from the tertiary bronchus. Distal structures include:
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Interlobular Septum
- Separates secondary pulmonary lobules
- Contains lymphatic vessels & pulmonary vein
What runs with the primary bronchiole in the secondary pulmonary lobule?
- Pulmonary artery runs centrally
- Part of the lymphatic component
Pulmonary Acinus
Branches that extend from each terminal bronchiole in the secondary pulmonary lobule
Primary Pulmonary Lobule
- Also called the respiratory lobule, extension from each respiratory bronchiole
- Where gas exchange occurs
Anthracosis
Accumulation of black carbon pigment by macrophages in the lymph vessels of the interlobular septum
Olfactory Receptor
Bipolar neuron in the olfactory epithelium
Brush Cells
Sensory cell that makes contact with CN V in the basal aspect of the olfactory epithelium
Sustentacular Cells
Support cells of the olfactory epithelium, containing lipofuscin
Basal Cells
Stem cell of the olfactory epithelium, located in the basal domain
Swell Bodies
- Erectile venous bodies in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium
- Accumulate blood to alternate nares to redirect air flow
- ->prevents dehydration
What type of epithelium covers the larynx?
- Stratified squamous non-keratinized on tongue surface of epiglottis & true vocal cords (most forces)
- Rest is a respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified columnar w/ goblet cells & cilia
What keeps the vocal cords moist?
The laryngeal ventricle (or saccule) lying just superior to vocal cords w/ numerous serous glands
How does the diversity of cell types change along the respiratory tree?
- Large airways are most diverse
- Less diversity distally
Cell Types Superior to Terminal Bronchus
- Ciliated Columnar Cells
- Goblet Cells
- Basal Cells
- Neuroendocrine Cells
- Brush Cells (Sensory cells of the airway)
- Nonepithelial Cells (Intraepithelial lymphocytes & mast cells)
Cell Types of the Primary Bronchiole
- Ciliated Columnar Cells
- Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
- Goblet Cells
- Basal Cells
- Brush Cells
Cell Types of the Terminal Bronchiole
- Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
- Non-ciliated Cuboidal Cells
- Club Cells
- Brush Cells
**No Goblet cells unless the person is a smoker**
Cell Types of the Respiratory Bronchiole
- Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
- Non-ciliated Cuboidal Cells
- Club Cells
- Type I Pneumocytes
Cell Types of the Alveoli
Type I & II Pneumocytes
Wall Layers of the Trachea & Primary Bronchus
- Mucosa
- Submucosa w/ glands
- Cartilage
- Adventitia
Wall Layers of the Intrapulmonary Bronchi
- Mucosa
- Muscularis (smooth muscle layer)
- Submucosa w/ glands
- Cartilage
- Adventitia
Wall Layers of the Bronchioles
- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Fibroelastic Cartilage Layer
What do the submucosal glands of the intrapulmonary bronchi secrete?
- Muscin–>mucous
- Lactoferrin–> binds iron (bactericidal)
- Lysozyme (bactericidal)
- IgA
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin & other protease inhibitors (keeps inflammation in check to prevent damage to the lung tissue)
What are the five main modifications of the airway in repsone to Asthma?
- Increased mucus
- Increased thickness of the basal lamina
- Increased thickness of the lamina propria due to edema & emigration of inflammatory cells
- Increased thickness of the muscularis
- Increased glands in the submucosa
Characterstics of Primary Bronchioles
- Respiratory epithelium
- Contains Goblet Cells
- No Club Cells
Characterstics of Terminal Bronchioles
- Simple Columnar Epithelium
- No Goblet Cells
- Club Cells
Characterstics of Respiratory Bronchioles
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- No Goblet Cells
- Club Cells
Club Cells
- Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
- Secrete surfactant-like substance & CC16 protein (anti-inflammatory & antioxidant)
- Damage to the bronchioles will lead to an increase in CC16 in serum
- Transport Cl-
- Stem cells
Type I vs. Type II Pneumocytes
- Type I= very flat/ attenuated squamous cell (occupy 90% of the alveolus)
- Type II= produce surfactant (more numerous)
When does surfactant synthesis begin & what stimulates the synthesis of surfactant?
- 20-22 weeks
- Corticosteroids stimulate the synthesis of surfactant
Hyperinsulinemia inhibits cortisol secretion and thereby increases the chance of the fetus developing respiratory distress syndrome
Renke’s Edema
Accumulation of edema in Renke’s space that is caused by irritation of the larynx
Bowman’s Glands
Serous glands of the olfactory epithelium
