Exam #1; Cell Biology II Flashcards

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1
Q

Peripheral Protein

A
  • Attached to the extracellular side of the plasmalemma

- Can be removed w/ salt solution

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2
Q

Integral Protein

A

Protein partially or fully embedded in the plasmalemma

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3
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Proteins that extend through the entire thickness of the plasmalemma

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4
Q

Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (B-APP)

A
  • Integral transmembrane protein
  • Abnormal cleavage forms Beta-Amyloid peptides that aggregate
  • Protein aggregates are resistant to proteolysis and implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease
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5
Q

Normal Function of B-APP

A
  • Neuronal migration during development
  • Synaptic formation & repair
  • Cell signaling
  • LTP (memory)
  • Cell adhesion
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6
Q

PrP

A
  • Prion Protein
  • GPI anchored protein
  • GPI anchor is embedded in lipid rafts
  • Mutation implicated in Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease
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7
Q

Normal Function of PrP

A
  • Neuroprotection against ischemia
  • Control circadian rhythm
  • Organization of myelin sheath
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8
Q

What stain can be used to visualize Beta-Amyloid & PrP?

A

Congo Red

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9
Q

What are the seven functions of proteins?

A

1) Receptors
2) Carriers/ Pumps/ Channels
3) Enzymes
4) Linker proteins for structural support
5) Antigens (cell id. tag)
6) Anchor cell to ECM
7) Intercellular junction complexes

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10
Q

What does it mean that receptors are dynamic and not static?

A
  • There is up & down regulation of receptors in response to ligand to maintain homeostasis
  • Decrease Ligand: Increase Receptor
  • Increase Ligand: Decrease Receptor
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11
Q

How do pharmacologic agents act to produce a therapeutic effect?

A

As receptor agonists or antagonists

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12
Q

What is the clinical relevance of estrogen receptor?

A
  • Many breast cancers show an upregulation of estrogen receptors
  • ER + breast cancer can be treated with Tamoxifen/ Hormone Therapy
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13
Q

Transport Proteins

A
  • Carriers

- Pumps

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14
Q

Carriers

A
  • Transports without direct expenditure of energy
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15
Q

Pumps

A
  • Transport with direct expenditure of energy
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16
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A
  • 3 Na+ Out & 2 K+ In w/ ATP energy

- Regulates intracellular volume

17
Q

Digoxin

A
  • Used to treat heart failure
  • Partially inhibits Na+/K+ Pump, which leads to an increase in Na+ concentration in the cell
  • Destroys the concentration gradient needed for the Ca++/Na+ transporter
  • Increases sarcoplasmic Ca++
  • Increased sarcoplasmic Ca++, increases cardiac contractility
18
Q

Ca++/Na+ Transporter

A
  • 4 Na+ In & 1 Ca++ Out

-

19
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Coupling the movement of a molecule down its concentration gradient to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport i.e. a pump

20
Q

Na+ & Glucose Co-transport

A
  • Example of secondary active transport
  • Glucose & Na+ transported into the cell down concentration gradient
  • Na+/K+ Pump uses ATP energy to established this concentration gradient
21
Q

Multi-drug Resistant Transporters

A
  • Subfamily of primary transporter proteins that are ATPases
  • Transport molecules out of the cell
22
Q

MDR-1

A
  • Transports drugs out of the cell
  • Overexpression can cause cancer cells to become resistant to cytotoxic drugs; they;re transported out of the cell too quickly to take effect
23
Q

MDR Treatment

A
  • RNA interference: silencing the gene coding for the MDR transporter
  • Pharmacologic Inhibition
24
Q

MDR-2

A

Transports conjugated bilirubin from the hepatocyte into bile canaliculus

25
Q

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

A

Benign disorder caused by a mutation in ATP binding region of MDR-2

26
Q

Aquaporin

A

Protein channel for water

27
Q

Aquaporin-2

A

Expressed by renal collecting tubule for water reabsorption

28
Q

ADH & Vasopressin

A
  • Cause translocation of aquaporin receptors into the plasma membrane of the renal collecting tubule cell
  • Increase water reabsorption through the kidney
29
Q

CFTR

A
  • Chloride channel implicated in cystic fibrosis that also regulates Na+ & HCO3-
  • Causes salty sweat
  • Dehydrated airway mucous leading to chronic airway infection
30
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A
  • Decrease in lactase enzyme
  • Lactose is not absorbed; rather, interacts with gut flora
  • Causes gas, bloating, diarrhea
31
Q

Linker Protein

A
  • Links plasma membrane to underlying cytoskeleton
32
Q

Dystroglycan

A
  • Linker protein in skeletal muscle that links cytoskeleton to plasma membrane
  • Binds Dystrophin, a protein of the cytoskeleton lacking is Muscular Dystrophy
33
Q

Glycolipid

A

Carbohydrate attached to lipid

34
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Carbohydrate attached to protein

35
Q

Ganglioside Gm1

A
  • A glycolipid that serves as the receptor for cholera toxin
36
Q

Cholera Toxin Mechanism

A
  • Binds Ganglioside Gm1
  • Increases cAMP
  • cAMP causes Cl- efflux from CFTR
  • Cl- efflux causes Ha+ & HCO3- efflux
  • Causes profound diarrhea
37
Q

What are the 5 pathways of endocytosis?

A

1) Macropinocytosis
2) Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
3) Non-coated-mediated endocytosis
4) Caveolae-mediated endocytosis
5) Phagocytosis

38
Q

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease

A
  • Prion Disease caused by conversion of PP into PrP

- “human mad cow disease”